Merge pull request #182 from aeternity/GH-181-prepare-4.1.0-rc1

GH-181 Prepare 4.1.0-rc1

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -9,28 +9,24 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 ### Changed
 ### Removed
 
-## [4.0.0-rc3] - 2019-09-12
+## [4.1.0-rc1] - 2019-11-25
 ### Added
+- Support encoding and decoding bit fields in call arguments and results.
+### Changed
+- Various improvements to FATE code generator.
+### Removed
+
+## [4.0.0] - 2019-10-11
+### Added
+- `Address.to_contract` - casts an address to a (any) contract type.
+- Pragma to check compiler version, e.g. `@compiler >= 4.0`.
+- Handle numeric escapes, i.e. `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n"`, and similar strings.
 - `Bytes.concat` and `Bytes.split` are added to be able to
   (de-)construct byte arrays.
 - `[a..b]` language construct, returning the list of numbers between
   `a` and `b` (inclusive). Returns the empty list if `a` > `b`.
 - [Standard libraries] (https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/contracts/sophia_stdlib.md)
 - Checks that `init` is not called from other functions.
-### Changed
-- Error messages are changed into a uniform format, and more helpful
-  messages have been added.
-- `Crypto.<hash_fun>` and `String.<hash_fun>` for byte arrays now only
-  hash the actual byte array - not the internal ABI format.
-- More strict checks for polymorphic oracles and higher order oracles
-  and entrypoints.
-- `AENS.claim` is updated with a `NameFee` field - to be able to do
-  name auctions within contracts.
-- Fixed a bug in `Bytes.to_str` for AEVM.
-### Removed
-
-## [4.0.0-rc1] - 2019-08-22
-### Added
 - FATE backend - the compiler is able to produce VM code for both `AEVM` and `FATE`. Many
   of the APIs now take `{backend, aevm | fate}` to decide wich backend to produce artifacts
   for.
@@ -47,6 +43,20 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   that shall be able to receive funds should be marked as payable. `Address.is_payable(a)`
   can be used to check if an (contract) address is payable or not.
 ### Changed
+- Nice type error if contract function is called as from a namespace.
+- Fail on function definitions in contracts other than the main contract.
+- Bug fix in variable optimization - don't discard writes to the store/state.
+- Bug fixes in error reporting.
+- Bug fix in variable liveness analysis for FATE.
+- Error messages are changed into a uniform format, and more helpful
+  messages have been added.
+- `Crypto.<hash_fun>` and `String.<hash_fun>` for byte arrays now only
+  hash the actual byte array - not the internal ABI format.
+- More strict checks for polymorphic oracles and higher order oracles
+  and entrypoints.
+- `AENS.claim` is updated with a `NameFee` field - to be able to do
+  name auctions within contracts.
+- Fixed a bug in `Bytes.to_str` for AEVM.
 - New syntax for tuple types. Now 0-tuple type is encoded as `unit` instead of `()` and
   regular tuples are encoded by interspersing inner types with `*`, for instance `int * string`.
   Parens are not necessary. Note it only affects the types, values remain as their were before,
@@ -154,7 +164,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Simplify calldata creation - instead of passing a compiled contract, simply
   pass a (stubbed) contract string.
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0-rc3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0...HEAD
+[4.0.0]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0...v3.2.0
+[4.0.0-rc5]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0-rc4...v4.0.0-rc5
+[4.0.0-rc4]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0-rc3...v4.0.0-rc4
 [4.0.0-rc3]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v4.0.0-rc1...v4.0.0-rc3
 [4.0.0-rc1]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v3.2.0...v4.0.0-rc1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/aeternity/aesophia/compare/v3.1.0...v3.2.0

rebar.config

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 {erl_opts, [debug_info]}.
 
-{deps, [ {aebytecode, {git, "https://github.com/aeternity/aebytecode.git", {ref,"a66dc0a"}}}
+{deps, [ {aebytecode, {git, "https://github.com/aeternity/aebytecode.git", {ref,"4f4d6d3"}}}
        , {getopt, "1.0.1"}
        , {eblake2, "1.0.0"}
        , {jsx, {git, "https://github.com/talentdeficit/jsx.git",
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
             {base_plt_apps, [erts, kernel, stdlib, crypto, mnesia]}
            ]}.
 
-{relx, [{release, {aesophia, "4.0.0-rc3"},
+{relx, [{release, {aesophia, "4.1.0-rc1"},
          [aesophia, aebytecode, getopt]},
 
         {dev_mode, true},

rebar.lock

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {"1.1.0",
 [{<<"aebytecode">>,
   {git,"https://github.com/aeternity/aebytecode.git",
-       {ref,"a66dc0a97facdeaad7e5403018ad195d989e4793"}},
+       {ref,"4f4d6d30cd2c46b3830454d650a424d513f69134"}},
   0},
  {<<"aeserialization">>,
   {git,"https://github.com/aeternity/aeserialization.git",

src/aeso_ast_infer_types.erl

@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@
 
 -record(is_contract_constraint,
     { contract_t :: utype(),
-      context    :: aeso_syntax:expr()  %% The address literal
+      context    :: {contract_literal, aeso_syntax:expr()} |
+                    {address_to_contract, aeso_syntax:ann()}
     }).
 
 -type field_constraint() :: #field_constraint{} | #record_create_constraint{} | #is_contract_constraint{}.
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@
 -type qname() :: [string()].
 -type typesig() :: {type_sig, aeso_syntax:ann(), type_constraints(), [aeso_syntax:named_arg_t()], [type()], type()}.
 
--type type_constraints() :: none | bytes_concat | bytes_split.
+-type type_constraints() :: none | bytes_concat | bytes_split | address_to_contract.
 
 -type fun_info()  :: {aeso_syntax:ann(), typesig() | type()}.
 -type type_info() :: {aeso_syntax:ann(), typedef()}.
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@
     , in_pattern = false              :: boolean()
     , stateful   = false              :: boolean()
     , current_function = none         :: none | aeso_syntax:id()
-    , what       = top                :: top | namespace | contract
+    , what       = top                :: top | namespace | contract | main_contract
     }).
 
 -type env() :: #env{}.
@@ -175,12 +176,13 @@ bind_fun(X, Type, Env) ->
     end.
 
 -spec force_bind_fun(name(), type() | typesig(), env()) -> env().
-force_bind_fun(X, Type, Env) ->
+force_bind_fun(X, Type, Env = #env{ what = What }) ->
     Ann    = aeso_syntax:get_ann(Type),
     NoCode = get_option(no_code, false),
-    Entry = case X == "init" andalso Env#env.what == contract andalso not NoCode of
-                true  -> {reserved_init, Ann, Type};
-                false -> {Ann, Type}
+    Entry = if X == "init", What == main_contract, not NoCode ->
+                    {reserved_init, Ann, Type};
+               What == contract -> {contract_fun, Ann, Type};
+               true -> {Ann, Type}
             end,
     on_current_scope(Env, fun(Scope = #scope{ funs = Funs }) ->
                             Scope#scope{ funs = [{X, Entry} | Funs] }
@@ -306,6 +308,9 @@ lookup_env1(#env{ namespace = Current, scopes = Scopes }, Kind, Ann, QName) ->
                 {reserved_init, Ann1, Type} ->
                     type_error({cannot_call_init_function, Ann}),
                     {QName, {Ann1, Type}};  %% Return the type to avoid an extra not-in-scope error
+                {contract_fun, Ann1, Type} ->
+                    type_error({contract_treated_as_namespace, Ann, QName}),
+                    {QName, {Ann1, Type}};
                 {Ann1, _} = E ->
                     %% Check that it's not private (or we can see private funs)
                     case not is_private(Ann1) orelse AllowPrivate of
@@ -519,6 +524,7 @@ global_env() ->
     %% Conversion
     IntScope     = #scope{ funs = MkDefs([{"to_str", Fun1(Int,     String)}]) },
     AddressScope = #scope{ funs = MkDefs([{"to_str", Fun1(Address, String)},
+                                          {"to_contract", FunC(address_to_contract, [Address], A)},
                                           {"is_oracle", Fun1(Address, Bool)},
                                           {"is_contract", Fun1(Address, Bool)},
                                           {"is_payable", Fun1(Address, Bool)}]) },
@@ -582,7 +588,8 @@ infer1(Env, [], Acc, _Options) -> {Env, lists:reverse(Acc)};
 infer1(Env, [{contract, Ann, ConName, Code} | Rest], Acc, Options) ->
     %% do type inference on each contract independently.
     check_scope_name_clash(Env, contract, ConName),
-    {Env1, Code1} = infer_contract_top(push_scope(contract, ConName, Env), contract, Code, Options),
+    What = if Rest == [] -> main_contract; true -> contract end,
+    {Env1, Code1} = infer_contract_top(push_scope(contract, ConName, Env), What, Code, Options),
     Contract1 = {contract, Ann, ConName, Code1},
     Env2 = pop_scope(Env1),
     Env3 = bind_contract(Contract1, Env2),
@@ -591,7 +598,10 @@ infer1(Env, [{namespace, Ann, Name, Code} | Rest], Acc, Options) ->
     check_scope_name_clash(Env, namespace, Name),
     {Env1, Code1} = infer_contract_top(push_scope(namespace, Name, Env), namespace, Code, Options),
     Namespace1 = {namespace, Ann, Name, Code1},
-    infer1(pop_scope(Env1), Rest, [Namespace1 | Acc], Options).
+    infer1(pop_scope(Env1), Rest, [Namespace1 | Acc], Options);
+infer1(Env, [{pragma, _, _} | Rest], Acc, Options) ->
+    %% Pragmas are checked in check_modifiers
+    infer1(Env, Rest, Acc, Options).
 
 check_scope_name_clash(Env, Kind, Name) ->
     case get_scope(Env, qname(Name)) of
@@ -602,7 +612,7 @@ check_scope_name_clash(Env, Kind, Name) ->
             destroy_and_report_type_errors(Env)
     end.
 
--spec infer_contract_top(env(), contract | namespace, [aeso_syntax:decl()], list(option())) ->
+-spec infer_contract_top(env(), main_contract | contract | namespace, [aeso_syntax:decl()], list(option())) ->
     {env(), [aeso_syntax:decl()]}.
 infer_contract_top(Env, Kind, Defs0, _Options) ->
     Defs = desugar(Defs0),
@@ -610,7 +620,7 @@ infer_contract_top(Env, Kind, Defs0, _Options) ->
 
 %% infer_contract takes a proplist mapping global names to types, and
 %% a list of definitions.
--spec infer_contract(env(), contract | namespace, [aeso_syntax:decl()]) -> {env(), [aeso_syntax:decl()]}.
+-spec infer_contract(env(), main_contract | contract | namespace, [aeso_syntax:decl()]) -> {env(), [aeso_syntax:decl()]}.
 infer_contract(Env0, What, Defs) ->
     Env  = Env0#env{ what = What },
     Kind = fun({type_def, _, _, _, _})  -> type;
@@ -624,8 +634,9 @@ infer_contract(Env0, What, Defs) ->
     check_unexpected(Get(unexpected)),
     Env2 =
         case What of
-            namespace -> Env1;
-            contract  -> bind_state(Env1)   %% bind state and put
+            namespace     -> Env1;
+            contract      -> Env1;
+            main_contract -> bind_state(Env1)   %% bind state and put
         end,
     {ProtoSigs, Decls} = lists:unzip([ check_fundecl(Env1, Decl) || Decl <- Get(prototype) ]),
     Env3      = bind_funs(ProtoSigs, Env2),
@@ -704,19 +715,46 @@ check_unexpected(Xs) ->
 
 check_modifiers(Env, Contracts) ->
     create_type_errors(),
-    [ case C of
-          {contract, _, Con, Decls}  ->
-              check_modifiers1(contract, Decls),
-              case {lists:keymember(letfun, 1, Decls),
-                    [ D || D <- Decls, aeso_syntax:get_ann(entrypoint, D, false) ]} of
-                  {true, []} -> type_error({contract_has_no_entrypoints, Con});
-                  _          -> ok
-              end;
-          {namespace, _, _, Decls} -> check_modifiers1(namespace, Decls);
-          Decl -> type_error({bad_top_level_decl, Decl})
-      end || C <- Contracts ],
+    check_modifiers_(Env, Contracts),
     destroy_and_report_type_errors(Env).
 
+check_modifiers_(Env, [{contract, _, Con, Decls} | Rest]) ->
+    IsMain = Rest == [],
+    check_modifiers1(contract, Decls),
+    case {lists:keymember(letfun, 1, Decls),
+            [ D || D <- Decls, aeso_syntax:get_ann(entrypoint, D, false) ]} of
+        {true, []} -> type_error({contract_has_no_entrypoints, Con});
+        _ when not IsMain ->
+            case [ {Ann, Id} || {letfun, Ann, Id, _, _, _} <- Decls ] of
+                [{Ann, Id} | _] -> type_error({definition_in_non_main_contract, Ann, Id});
+                [] -> ok
+            end;
+        _ -> ok
+    end,
+    check_modifiers_(Env, Rest);
+check_modifiers_(Env, [{namespace, _, _, Decls} | Rest]) ->
+    check_modifiers1(namespace, Decls),
+    check_modifiers_(Env, Rest);
+check_modifiers_(Env, [{pragma, Ann, Pragma} | Rest]) ->
+    check_pragma(Env, Ann, Pragma),
+    check_modifiers_(Env, Rest);
+check_modifiers_(Env, [Decl | Rest]) ->
+    type_error({bad_top_level_decl, Decl}),
+    check_modifiers_(Env, Rest);
+check_modifiers_(_Env, []) -> ok.
+
+-spec check_pragma(env(), aeso_syntax:ann(), aeso_syntax:pragma()) -> ok.
+check_pragma(_Env, Ann, {compiler, Op, Ver}) ->
+    case aeso_compiler:numeric_version() of
+        {error, Err}  -> type_error({failed_to_get_compiler_version, Err});
+        {ok, Version} ->
+            Strip = fun(V) -> lists:reverse(lists:dropwhile(fun(X) -> X == 0 end, lists:reverse(V))) end,
+            case apply(erlang, Op, [Strip(Version), Strip(Ver)]) of
+                true  -> ok;
+                false -> type_error({compiler_version_mismatch, Ann, Version, Op, Ver})
+            end
+    end.
+
 -spec check_modifiers1(contract | namespace, [aeso_syntax:decl()] | aeso_syntax:decl()) -> ok.
 check_modifiers1(What, Decls) when is_list(Decls) ->
     _ = [ check_modifiers1(What, Decl) || Decl <- Decls ],
@@ -783,7 +821,8 @@ check_type(_Env, Type = {uvar, _, _}, Arity) ->
     ensure_base_type(Type, Arity),
     Type;
 check_type(_Env, {args_t, Ann, Ts}, _) ->
-    type_error({new_tuple_syntax, Ann, Ts}).
+    type_error({new_tuple_syntax, Ann, Ts}),
+    {tuple_t, Ann, Ts}.
 
 ensure_base_type(Type, Arity) ->
     [ type_error({wrong_type_arguments, Type, Arity, 0}) || Arity /= 0 ],
@@ -1080,7 +1119,7 @@ infer_expr(_Env, Body={oracle_query_id, As, _}) ->
 infer_expr(_Env, Body={contract_pubkey, As, _}) ->
     Con = fresh_uvar(As),
     constrain([#is_contract_constraint{ contract_t = Con,
-                                        context    = Body }]),
+                                        context    = {contract_literal, Body} }]),
     {typed, As, Body, Con};
 infer_expr(_Env, Body={id, As, "_"}) ->
     {typed, As, Body, fresh_uvar(As)};
@@ -1155,8 +1194,6 @@ infer_expr(Env, {typed, As, Body, Type}) ->
     {typed, _, NewBody, NewType} = check_expr(Env, Body, Type1),
     {typed, As, NewBody, NewType};
 infer_expr(Env, {app, Ann, Fun, Args0}) ->
-    %% TODO: fix parser to give proper annotation for normal applications!
-    FunAnn     = aeso_syntax:get_ann(Fun),
     NamedArgs  = [ Arg || Arg = {named_arg, _, _, _} <- Args0 ],
     Args       = Args0 -- NamedArgs,
     case aeso_syntax:get_ann(format, Ann) of
@@ -1165,15 +1202,15 @@ infer_expr(Env, {app, Ann, Fun, Args0}) ->
         prefix ->
             infer_op(Env, Ann, Fun, Args, fun infer_prefix/1);
         _ ->
-            NamedArgsVar = fresh_uvar(FunAnn),
+            NamedArgsVar = fresh_uvar(Ann),
             NamedArgs1 = [ infer_named_arg(Env, NamedArgsVar, Arg) || Arg <- NamedArgs ],
             %% TODO: named args constraints
             NewFun={typed, _, _, FunType} = infer_expr(Env, Fun),
             NewArgs = [infer_expr(Env, A) || A <- Args],
             ArgTypes = [T || {typed, _, _, T} <- NewArgs],
-            ResultType = fresh_uvar(FunAnn),
+            ResultType = fresh_uvar(Ann),
             unify(Env, FunType, {fun_t, [], NamedArgsVar, ArgTypes, ResultType}, {infer_app, Fun, Args, FunType, ArgTypes}),
-            {typed, FunAnn, {app, Ann, NewFun, NamedArgs1 ++ NewArgs}, dereference(ResultType)}
+            {typed, Ann, {app, Ann, NewFun, NamedArgs1 ++ NewArgs}, dereference(ResultType)}
     end;
 infer_expr(Env, {'if', Attrs, Cond, Then, Else}) ->
     NewCond = check_expr(Env, Cond, {id, Attrs, "bool"}),
@@ -1333,7 +1370,7 @@ infer_case(Env, Attrs, Pattern, ExprType, Branch, SwitchType) ->
     end,
     NewEnv = bind_vars([{Var, fresh_uvar(Ann)} || Var = {id, Ann, _} <- Vars], Env#env{ in_pattern = true }),
     NewPattern = {typed, _, _, PatType} = infer_expr(NewEnv, Pattern),
-    NewBranch  = check_expr(NewEnv, Branch, SwitchType),
+    NewBranch  = check_expr(NewEnv#env{ in_pattern = false }, Branch, SwitchType),
     unify(Env, PatType, ExprType, {case_pat, Pattern, PatType, ExprType}),
     {'case', Attrs, NewPattern, NewBranch}.
 
@@ -1654,11 +1691,11 @@ check_record_create_constraints(Env, [C | Cs]) ->
 
 check_is_contract_constraints(_Env, []) -> ok;
 check_is_contract_constraints(Env, [C | Cs]) ->
-    #is_contract_constraint{ contract_t = Type, context = Lit } = C,
+    #is_contract_constraint{ contract_t = Type, context = Cxt } = C,
     Type1 = unfold_types_in_type(Env, instantiate(Type)),
     case lookup_type(Env, record_type_name(Type1)) of
         {_, {_Ann, {[], {contract_t, _}}}} -> ok;
-        _ -> type_error({not_a_contract_type, Type1, Lit})
+        _ -> type_error({not_a_contract_type, Type1, Cxt})
     end,
     check_is_contract_constraints(Env, Cs).
 
@@ -1748,7 +1785,7 @@ solve_known_record_types(Env, Constraints) ->
                              C
                      end;
                 _ ->
-                    type_error({not_a_record_type, RecType, When}),
+                    type_error({not_a_record_type, instantiate(RecType), When}),
                     not_solved
              end
          end
@@ -2079,6 +2116,9 @@ freshen_type_sig(Ann, TypeSig = {type_sig, _, Constr, _, _, _}) ->
     FunT.
 
 apply_typesig_constraint(_Ann, none, _FunT) -> ok;
+apply_typesig_constraint(Ann, address_to_contract, {fun_t, _, [], [_], Type}) ->
+    constrain([#is_contract_constraint{ contract_t = Type,
+                                        context    = {address_to_contract, Ann}}]);
 apply_typesig_constraint(Ann, bytes_concat, {fun_t, _, [], [A, B], C}) ->
     add_bytes_constraint({add_bytes, Ann, concat, A, B, C});
 apply_typesig_constraint(Ann, bytes_split, {fun_t, _, [], [C], {tuple_t, _, [A, B]}}) ->
@@ -2177,12 +2217,28 @@ mk_error({not_a_record_type, Type, Why}) ->
     Msg = io_lib:format("~s\n", [pp_type("Not a record type: ", Type)]),
     {Pos, Ctxt} = pp_why_record(Why),
     mk_t_err(Pos, Msg, Ctxt);
-mk_error({not_a_contract_type, Type, Lit}) ->
-    Msg = io_lib:format("The type ~s is not a contract type\n"
-                        "when checking that the contract literal at ~s\n~s\n"
-                        "has the type\n~s\n",
-                        [pp_type("", Type), pp_loc(Lit), pp_expr("  ", Lit), pp_type("  ", Type)]),
-    mk_t_err(pos(Lit), Msg);
+mk_error({not_a_contract_type, Type, Cxt}) ->
+    Msg =
+        case Type of
+            {tvar, _, _} ->
+                "Unresolved contract type\n";
+            _ ->
+                io_lib:format("The type ~s is not a contract type\n", [pp_type("", Type)])
+        end,
+    {Pos, Cxt1} =
+        case Cxt of
+            {contract_literal, Lit} ->
+                {pos(Lit),
+                 io_lib:format("when checking that the contract literal\n~s\n"
+                               "has the type\n~s\n",
+                               [pp_expr("  ", Lit), pp_type("  ", Type)])};
+            {address_to_contract, Ann} ->
+                {pos(Ann),
+                 io_lib:format("when checking that the call to\n  Address.to_contract\n"
+                               "has the type\n~s\n",
+                               [pp_type("  ", Type)])}
+        end,
+    mk_t_err(Pos, Msg, Cxt1);
 mk_error({non_linear_pattern, Pattern, Nonlinear}) ->
     Msg = io_lib:format("Repeated name~s ~s in pattern\n~s (at ~s)\n",
                         [plural("", "s", Nonlinear), string:join(Nonlinear, ", "),
@@ -2344,6 +2400,10 @@ mk_error({contract_has_no_entrypoints, Con}) ->
                         "contract functions must be declared with the 'entrypoint' keyword instead of\n"
                         "'function'.\n", [pp_expr("", Con), pp_loc(Con)]),
     mk_t_err(pos(Con), Msg);
+mk_error({definition_in_non_main_contract, Ann, {id, _, Id}}) ->
+    Msg = "Only the main contract can contain defined functions or entrypoints.\n",
+    Cxt = io_lib:format("Fix: replace the definition of '~s' by a type signature.\n", [Id]),
+    mk_t_err(pos(Ann), Msg, Cxt);
 mk_error({unbound_type, Type}) ->
     Msg = io_lib:format("Unbound type ~s (at ~s).\n", [pp_type("", Type), pp_loc(Type)]),
     mk_t_err(pos(Type), Msg);
@@ -2359,6 +2419,10 @@ mk_error({cannot_call_init_function, Ann}) ->
     Msg = "The 'init' function is called exclusively by the create contract transaction\n"
           "and cannot be called from the contract code.\n",
     mk_t_err(pos(Ann), Msg);
+mk_error({contract_treated_as_namespace, Ann, [Con, Fun] = QName}) ->
+    Msg = io_lib:format("Invalid call to contract entrypoint '~s'.\n", [string:join(QName, ".")]),
+    Cxt = io_lib:format("It must be called as 'c.~s' for some c : ~s.\n", [Fun, Con]),
+    mk_t_err(pos(Ann), Msg, Cxt);
 mk_error({bad_top_level_decl, Decl}) ->
     What = case element(1, Decl) of
                letval -> "function or entrypoint";
@@ -2383,6 +2447,15 @@ mk_error({unsolved_bytes_constraint, Ann, split, A, B, C}) ->
                         [ pp_type("  - ", C), pp_loc(C), pp_type("  - ", A), pp_loc(A),
                           pp_type("  - ", B), pp_loc(B)]),
     mk_t_err(pos(Ann), Msg);
+mk_error({failed_to_get_compiler_version, Err}) ->
+    Msg = io_lib:format("Failed to get compiler version. Error:\n  ~p\n", [Err]),
+    mk_t_err(pos(0, 0), Msg);
+mk_error({compiler_version_mismatch, Ann, Version, Op, Bound}) ->
+    PrintV = fun(V) -> string:join([integer_to_list(N) || N <- V], ".") end,
+    Msg = io_lib:format("Cannot compile with this version of the compiler,\n"
+                        "because it does not satisfy the constraint"
+                        " ~s ~s ~s\n", [PrintV(Version), Op, PrintV(Bound)]),
+    mk_t_err(pos(Ann), Msg);
 mk_error(Err) ->
     Msg = io_lib:format("Unknown error: ~p\n", [Err]),
     mk_t_err(pos(0, 0), Msg).

src/aeso_ast_to_fcode.erl

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
               map_delete | map_member | map_size | string_length |
               string_concat | bits_set | bits_clear | bits_test | bits_sum |
               bits_intersection | bits_union | bits_difference |
-              contract_to_address | crypto_verify_sig | crypto_verify_sig_secp256k1 |
+              contract_to_address | address_to_contract | crypto_verify_sig | crypto_verify_sig_secp256k1 |
               crypto_sha3 | crypto_sha256 | crypto_blake2b |
               crypto_ecverify_secp256k1 | crypto_ecrecover_secp256k1.
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ builtins() ->
                               {"union", 2}, {"difference", 2}, {"none", none}, {"all", none}]},
               {["Bytes"],    [{"to_int", 1}, {"to_str", 1}, {"concat", 2}, {"split", 1}]},
               {["Int"],      [{"to_str", 1}]},
-              {["Address"],  [{"to_str", 1}, {"is_oracle", 1}, {"is_contract", 1}, {"is_payable", 1}]}
+              {["Address"],  [{"to_str", 1}, {"to_contract", 1}, {"is_oracle", 1}, {"is_contract", 1}, {"is_payable", 1}]}
              ],
     maps:from_list([ {NS ++ [Fun], {MkName(NS, Fun), Arity}}
                      || {NS, Funs} <- Scopes,
@@ -904,6 +904,7 @@ op_builtins() ->
      string_length, string_concat, string_sha3, string_sha256, string_blake2b,
      bits_set, bits_clear, bits_test, bits_sum, bits_intersection, bits_union,
      bits_difference, int_to_str, address_to_str, crypto_verify_sig,
+     address_to_contract,
      crypto_verify_sig_secp256k1, crypto_sha3, crypto_sha256, crypto_blake2b,
      crypto_ecverify_secp256k1, crypto_ecrecover_secp256k1
     ].

src/aeso_ast_to_icode.erl

@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@ is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Address", "to_str"]}, _Icode)                      ->
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Address", "is_oracle"]}, _Icode)                   -> true;
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Address", "is_contract"]}, _Icode)                 -> true;
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Address", "is_payable"]}, _Icode)                  -> true;
+is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Address", "to_contract"]}, _Icode)                 -> true;
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Bytes", "to_int"]}, _Icode)                        -> true;
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Bytes", "to_str"]}, _Icode)                        -> true;
 is_builtin_fun({qid, _, ["Bytes", "concat"]}, _Icode)                        -> true;
@@ -713,6 +714,8 @@ builtin_code(_, {qid, _, ["Address", "is_contract"]}, [Addr], _, _, Icode) ->
 builtin_code(_, {qid, _, ["Address", "is_payable"]}, [Addr], _, _, Icode) ->
     prim_call(?PRIM_CALL_ADDR_IS_PAYABLE, #integer{value = 0},
               [ast_body(Addr, Icode)], [word], word);
+builtin_code(_, {qid, _, ["Address", "to_contract"]}, [Addr], _, _, Icode) ->
+    ast_body(Addr, Icode);
 
 builtin_code(_, {qid, _, ["Bytes", "to_int"]}, [Bytes], _, _, Icode) ->
     {typed, _, _, {bytes_t, _, N}} = Bytes,

src/aeso_compiler.erl

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
         , create_calldata/3  %% deprecated
         , create_calldata/4
         , version/0
+        , numeric_version/0
         , sophia_type_to_typerep/1
         , to_sophia_value/4  %% deprecated, need a backend
         , to_sophia_value/5
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@
         , decode_calldata/4
         , parse/2
         , add_include_path/2
+        , validate_byte_code/3
         ]).
 
 -include_lib("aebytecode/include/aeb_opcodes.hrl").
@@ -65,6 +67,17 @@ version() ->
             {ok, list_to_binary(VsnString)}
     end.
 
+-spec numeric_version() -> {ok, [non_neg_integer()]} | {error, term()}.
+numeric_version() ->
+    case version() of
+        {ok, Bin} ->
+            [NoSuf | _] = binary:split(Bin, <<"-">>),
+            Numbers     = binary:split(NoSuf, <<".">>, [global]),
+            {ok, [binary_to_integer(Num) || Num <- Numbers]};
+        {error, _} = Err ->
+            Err
+    end.
+
 -spec file(string()) -> {ok, map()} | {error, [aeso_errors:error()]}.
 file(Filename) ->
     file(Filename, []).
@@ -495,6 +508,14 @@ icode_to_term(T = {map, KT, VT}, M) ->
             #{};
         _ -> throw({todo, M})
     end;
+icode_to_term(word, {unop, 'bnot', A}) ->
+    bnot icode_to_term(word, A);
+icode_to_term(word, {binop, 'bor', A, B}) ->
+    icode_to_term(word, A) bor icode_to_term(word, B);
+icode_to_term(word, {binop, 'bsl', A, B}) ->
+    icode_to_term(word, B) bsl icode_to_term(word, A);
+icode_to_term(word, {binop, 'band', A, B}) ->
+    icode_to_term(word, A) band icode_to_term(word, B);
 icode_to_term(typerep, _) ->
     throw({todo, typerep});
 icode_to_term(T, V) ->
@@ -546,6 +567,87 @@ pp(Code, Options, Option, PPFun) ->
             ok
     end.
 
+%% -- Byte code validation ---------------------------------------------------
+
+-define(protect(Tag, Code), fun() -> try Code catch _:Err1 -> throw({Tag, Err1}) end end()).
+
+-spec validate_byte_code(map(), string(), options()) -> ok | {error, [aeso_errors:error()]}.
+validate_byte_code(#{ byte_code := ByteCode, payable := Payable }, Source, Options) ->
+    Fail = fun(Err) -> {error, [aeso_errors:new(data_error, Err)]} end,
+    case proplists:get_value(backend, Options, aevm) of
+        B when B /= fate -> Fail(io_lib:format("Unsupported backend: ~s\n", [B]));
+        fate ->
+            try
+                FCode1 = ?protect(deserialize, aeb_fate_code:strip_init_function(aeb_fate_code:deserialize(ByteCode))),
+                {FCode2, SrcPayable} =
+                    ?protect(compile,
+                             begin
+                               {ok, #{ byte_code := SrcByteCode, payable := SrcPayable }} =
+                                    from_string1(fate, Source, Options),
+                               FCode = aeb_fate_code:deserialize(SrcByteCode),
+                               {aeb_fate_code:strip_init_function(FCode), SrcPayable}
+                             end),
+                case compare_fate_code(FCode1, FCode2) of
+                    ok when SrcPayable /= Payable ->
+                        Not = fun(true) -> ""; (false) -> " not" end,
+                        Fail(io_lib:format("Byte code contract is~s payable, but source code contract is~s.\n",
+                                           [Not(Payable), Not(SrcPayable)]));
+                    ok           -> ok;
+                    {error, Why} -> Fail(io_lib:format("Byte code does not match source code.\n~s", [Why]))
+                end
+            catch
+                throw:{deserialize, _}         -> Fail("Invalid byte code");
+                throw:{compile, {error, Errs}} -> {error, Errs}
+            end
+    end.
+
+compare_fate_code(FCode1, FCode2) ->
+    Funs1 = aeb_fate_code:functions(FCode1),
+    Funs2 = aeb_fate_code:functions(FCode2),
+    Syms1 = aeb_fate_code:symbols(FCode1),
+    Syms2 = aeb_fate_code:symbols(FCode2),
+    FunHashes1 = maps:keys(Funs1),
+    FunHashes2 = maps:keys(Funs2),
+    case FunHashes1 == FunHashes2 of
+        false ->
+            InByteCode   = [ binary_to_list(maps:get(H, Syms1)) || H <- FunHashes1 -- FunHashes2 ],
+            InSourceCode = [ binary_to_list(maps:get(H, Syms2)) || H <- FunHashes2 -- FunHashes1 ],
+            Msg = [ io_lib:format("- Functions in the byte code but not in the source code:\n"
+                                  "    ~s\n", [string:join(InByteCode, ", ")]) || InByteCode /= [] ] ++
+                  [ io_lib:format("- Functions in the source code but not in the byte code:\n"
+                                  "    ~s\n", [string:join(InSourceCode, ", ")]) || InSourceCode /= [] ],
+            {error, Msg};
+        true ->
+            case lists:append([ compare_fate_fun(maps:get(H, Syms1), Fun1, Fun2)
+                                || {{H, Fun1}, {_, Fun2}} <- lists:zip(maps:to_list(Funs1),
+                                                                       maps:to_list(Funs2)) ]) of
+                [] -> ok;
+                Errs -> {error, Errs}
+            end
+    end.
+
+compare_fate_fun(_Name, Fun, Fun) -> [];
+compare_fate_fun(Name, {Attr, Type, _}, {Attr, Type, _}) ->
+    [io_lib:format("- The implementation of the function ~s is different.\n", [Name])];
+compare_fate_fun(Name, {Attr1, Type, _}, {Attr2, Type, _}) ->
+    [io_lib:format("- The attributes of the function ~s differ:\n"
+                   "    Byte code:   ~s\n"
+                   "    Source code: ~s\n",
+                   [Name, string:join([ atom_to_list(A) || A <- Attr1 ], ", "),
+                          string:join([ atom_to_list(A) || A <- Attr2 ], ", ")])];
+compare_fate_fun(Name, {_, Type1, _}, {_, Type2, _}) ->
+    [io_lib:format("- The type of the function ~s differs:\n"
+                   "    Byte code:   ~s\n"
+                   "    Source code: ~s\n",
+                   [Name, pp_fate_sig(Type1), pp_fate_sig(Type2)])].
+
+pp_fate_sig({[Arg], Res}) ->
+    io_lib:format("~s => ~s", [pp_fate_type(Arg), pp_fate_type(Res)]);
+pp_fate_sig({Args, Res}) ->
+    io_lib:format("(~s) => ~s", [string:join([pp_fate_type(Arg) || Arg <- Args], ", "), pp_fate_type(Res)]).
+
+pp_fate_type(T) -> io_lib:format("~w", [T]).
+
 %% -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 sophia_type_to_typerep(String) ->

src/aeso_fcode_to_fate.erl

@@ -11,19 +11,23 @@
 
 -export([compile/2, term_to_fate/1]).
 
+-ifdef(TEST).
+-export([optimize_fun/4, to_basic_blocks/1]).
+-endif.
+
 %% -- Preamble ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -type scode()  :: [sinstr()].
 -type sinstr() :: {switch, arg(), stype(), [maybe_scode()], maybe_scode()}  %% last arg is catch-all
                 | switch_body
-                | tuple().    %% FATE instruction
+                | loop
+                | tuple() | atom().    %% FATE instruction
 
 -type arg() :: tuple(). %% Not exported: aeb_fate_ops:fate_arg().
 
 %% Annotated scode
 -type scode_a()  :: [sinstr_a()].
 -type sinstr_a() :: {switch, arg(), stype(), [maybe_scode_a()], maybe_scode_a()}  %% last arg is catch-all
-                  | switch_body
                   | {i, ann(), tuple()}.    %% FATE instruction
 
 -type ann() :: #{ live_in := vars(), live_out := vars() }.
@@ -38,84 +42,9 @@
 
 -define(i(X), {immediate, X}).
 -define(a, {stack, 0}).
--define(s, {var, -1}).  %% TODO: until we have state support in FATE
+-define(s, {store, 1}).
 -define(void, {var, 9999}).
 
--define(IsState(X), (is_tuple(X) andalso tuple_size(X) =:= 2 andalso element(1, X) =:= var andalso element(2, X) < 0)).
-
--define(IsOp(Op), (
-     Op =:= 'STORE'           orelse
-     Op =:= 'ADD'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'SUB'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'MUL'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'DIV'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'MOD'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'POW'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'LT'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'GT'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'EQ'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'ELT'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'EGT'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'NEQ'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'AND'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'OR'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'NOT'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'ELEMENT'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_EMPTY'       orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_LOOKUP'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_LOOKUPD'     orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_UPDATE'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_DELETE'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_MEMBER'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_FROM_LIST'   orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_TO_LIST'     orelse
-     Op =:= 'MAP_SIZE'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'NIL'             orelse
-     Op =:= 'IS_NIL'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'CONS'            orelse
-     Op =:= 'HD'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'TL'              orelse
-     Op =:= 'LENGTH'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'APPEND'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'STR_JOIN'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'INT_TO_STR'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'ADDR_TO_STR'     orelse
-     Op =:= 'STR_REVERSE'     orelse
-     Op =:= 'STR_LENGTH'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'INT_TO_ADDR'     orelse
-     Op =:= 'VARIANT_TEST'    orelse
-     Op =:= 'VARIANT_ELEMENT' orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_NONE'       orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_ALL'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_ALL_N'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_SET'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_CLEAR'      orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_TEST'       orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_SUM'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_OR'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_AND'        orelse
-     Op =:= 'BITS_DIFF'       orelse
-     Op =:= 'SHA3'            orelse
-     Op =:= 'SHA256'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'BLAKE2B'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'VERIFY_SIG'           orelse
-     Op =:= 'VERIFY_SIG_SECP256K1' orelse
-     Op =:= 'ECVERIFY_SECP256K1'   orelse
-     Op =:= 'ECRECOVER_SECP256K1'  orelse
-     Op =:= 'CONTRACT_TO_ADDRESS'  orelse
-     Op =:= 'AUTH_TX_HASH'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'BYTES_TO_INT'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'BYTES_TO_STR'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'BYTES_CONCAT'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'BYTES_SPLIT'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'ORACLE_CHECK'         orelse
-     Op =:= 'ORACLE_CHECK_QUERY'   orelse
-     Op =:= 'IS_ORACLE'            orelse
-     Op =:= 'IS_CONTRACT'          orelse
-     Op =:= 'IS_PAYABLE'           orelse
-     Op =:= 'CREATOR'              orelse
-     false)).
-
 -record(env, { contract, vars = [], locals = [], current_function, tailpos = true }).
 
 %% -- Debugging --------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -124,12 +53,19 @@ is_debug(Tag, Options) ->
     Tags = proplists:get_value(debug, Options, []),
     Tags == all orelse lists:member(Tag, Tags).
 
-debug(Tag, Options, Fmt, Args) ->
+-define(debug(Tag, Options, Fmt, Args),
+        debug(Tag, Options, fun() -> io:format(Fmt, Args) end)).
+
+debug(Tag, Options, Fun) ->
     case is_debug(Tag, Options) of
-        true  -> io:format(Fmt, Args);
+        true  -> Fun();
         false -> ok
     end.
 
+-dialyzer({nowarn_function, [code_error/1]}).
+code_error(Err) ->
+    aeso_errors:throw(aeso_code_errors:format(Err)).
+
 %% -- Main -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 %% @doc Main entry point.
@@ -139,7 +75,7 @@ compile(FCode, Options) ->
     SFuns  = functions_to_scode(ContractName, Functions, Options),
     SFuns1 = optimize_scode(SFuns, Options),
     FateCode = to_basic_blocks(SFuns1),
-    debug(compile, Options, "~s\n", [aeb_fate_asm:pp(FateCode)]),
+    ?debug(compile, Options, "~s\n", [aeb_fate_asm:pp(FateCode)]),
     FateCode.
 
 make_function_id(X) ->
@@ -222,8 +158,6 @@ bind_local(Name, Env) ->
 
 notail(Env) -> Env#env{ tailpos = false }.
 
-code_error(Err) -> error(Err).
-
 lookup_var(#env{vars = Vars}, X) ->
     case lists:keyfind(X, 1, Vars) of
         {_, Var} -> Var;
@@ -260,6 +194,18 @@ term_to_fate({tuple, As}) ->
 term_to_fate({con, Ar, I, As}) ->
     FateAs = [ term_to_fate(A) || A <- As ],
     aeb_fate_data:make_variant(Ar, I, list_to_tuple(FateAs));
+term_to_fate({builtin, bits_all, []}) ->
+    aeb_fate_data:make_bits(-1);
+term_to_fate({builtin, bits_none, []}) ->
+    aeb_fate_data:make_bits(0);
+term_to_fate({op, bits_set, [B, I]}) ->
+    {bits, N} = term_to_fate(B),
+    J         = term_to_fate(I),
+    {bits, N bor (1 bsl J)};
+term_to_fate({op, bits_clear, [B, I]}) ->
+    {bits, N} = term_to_fate(B),
+    J         = term_to_fate(I),
+    {bits, N band bnot (1 bsl J)};
 term_to_fate({builtin, map_empty, []}) ->
     aeb_fate_data:make_map(#{});
 term_to_fate({'let', _, {builtin, map_empty, []}, Set}) ->
@@ -477,7 +423,7 @@ call_to_scode(Env, CallCode, Args) ->
 builtin_to_scode(_Env, get_state, []) ->
     [push(?s)];
 builtin_to_scode(Env, set_state, [_] = Args) ->
-    call_to_scode(Env, [aeb_fate_ops:store(?s, ?a),
+    call_to_scode(Env, [{'STORE', ?s, ?a},
                         tuple(0)], Args);
 builtin_to_scode(Env, chain_event, Args) ->
     call_to_scode(Env, [erlang:apply(aeb_fate_ops, log, lists:duplicate(length(Args), ?a)),
@@ -611,6 +557,7 @@ op_to_scode(bits_difference)   -> aeb_fate_ops:bits_diff(?a, ?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(address_to_str)    -> aeb_fate_ops:addr_to_str(?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(int_to_str)        -> aeb_fate_ops:int_to_str(?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(contract_to_address)         -> aeb_fate_ops:contract_to_address(?a, ?a);
+op_to_scode(address_to_contract)         -> aeb_fate_ops:address_to_contract(?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(crypto_verify_sig)           -> aeb_fate_ops:verify_sig(?a, ?a, ?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(crypto_verify_sig_secp256k1) -> aeb_fate_ops:verify_sig_secp256k1(?a, ?a, ?a, ?a);
 op_to_scode(crypto_ecverify_secp256k1)   -> aeb_fate_ops:ecverify_secp256k1(?a, ?a, ?a, ?a);
@@ -624,7 +571,7 @@ op_to_scode(string_blake2b)              -> aeb_fate_ops:blake2b(?a, ?a).
 
 %% PUSH and STORE ?a are the same, so we use STORE to make optimizations
 %% easier, and specialize to PUSH (which is cheaper) at the end.
-push(A) -> aeb_fate_ops:store(?a, A).
+push(A) -> {'STORE', ?a, A}.
 
 tuple(0) -> push(?i({tuple, {}}));
 tuple(N) -> aeb_fate_ops:tuple(?a, N).
@@ -647,23 +594,23 @@ flatten_s(I) -> I.
 
 optimize_fun(_Funs, Name, {Attrs, Sig, Code}, Options) ->
     Code0 = flatten(Code),
-    debug(opt, Options, "Optimizing ~s\n", [Name]),
+    ?debug(opt, Options, "Optimizing ~s\n", [Name]),
     Code1 = simpl_loop(0, Code0, Options),
     Code2 = desugar(Code1),
     {Attrs, Sig, Code2}.
 
 simpl_loop(N, Code, Options) when N >= ?MAX_SIMPL_ITERATIONS ->
-    debug(opt, Options, "  No simpl_loop fixed_point after ~p iterations.\n\n", [N]),
+    ?debug(opt, Options, "  No simpl_loop fixed_point after ~p iterations.\n\n", [N]),
     Code;
 simpl_loop(N, Code, Options) ->
     ACode = annotate_code(Code),
-    [ debug(opt, Options, "  annotated:\n~s\n", [pp_ann("    ", ACode)]) || N == 0 ],
+    [ ?debug(opt, Options, "  annotated:\n~s\n", [pp_ann("    ", ACode)]) || N == 0 ],
     Code1 = simplify(ACode, Options),
-    [ debug(opt, Options, "  optimized:\n~s\n", [pp_ann("    ", Code1)]) || Code1 /= ACode ],
+    [ ?debug(opt, Options, "  optimized:\n~s\n", [pp_ann("    ", Code1)]) || Code1 /= ACode ],
     Code2 = unannotate(Code1),
     case Code == Code2 of
         true  ->
-            debug(opt, Options, "  Reached simpl_loop fixed point after ~p iteration~s.\n\n",
+            ?debug(opt, Options, "  Reached simpl_loop fixed point after ~p iteration~s.\n\n",
                                 [N, if N /= 1 -> "s"; true -> "" end]),
             Code2;
         false -> simpl_loop(N + 1, Code2, Options)
@@ -683,80 +630,77 @@ pp_ann(Ind, [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def} | Code]) ->
       || {Tag, Alt} <- lists:zip(Tags, Alts), Alt /= missing],
      [[Ind1, "_ =>\n", pp_ann(Ind2, Def)] || Def /= missing],
      pp_ann(Ind, Code)];
-pp_ann(Ind, [switch_body | Code]) ->
-    [Ind, "SWITCH-BODY\n", pp_ann(Ind, Code)];
 pp_ann(Ind, [{i, #{ live_in := In, live_out := Out }, I} | Code]) ->
     Fmt = fun([]) -> "()";
-             (Xs) -> string:join([lists:concat(["var", N]) || {var, N} <- Xs], " ")
+             (Xs) -> string:join([lists:flatten(pp_arg(X)) || X <- Xs], " ")
           end,
-    Op  = [Ind, pp_op(I)],
+    Op  = [Ind, pp_op(desugar_args(I))],
     Ann = [["   % ", Fmt(In), " -> ", Fmt(Out)] || In ++ Out /= []],
     [io_lib:format("~-40s~s\n", [Op, Ann]),
      pp_ann(Ind, Code)];
 pp_ann(_, []) -> [].
 
+pp_op(switch_body) -> "SWITCH-BODY";
 pp_op(loop) -> "LOOP";
 pp_op(I)    ->
     aeb_fate_pp:format_op(I, #{}).
 
-pp_arg(?i(I))    -> io_lib:format("~w", [I]);
-pp_arg({arg, N}) -> io_lib:format("arg~p", [N]);
-pp_arg({var, N}) when N < 0 -> io_lib:format("store~p", [-N]);
-pp_arg({var, N}) -> io_lib:format("var~p", [N]);
-pp_arg(?a)       -> "a".
+pp_arg(?i(I))      -> io_lib:format("~w", [I]);
+pp_arg({arg, N})   -> io_lib:format("arg~p", [N]);
+pp_arg({store, N}) -> io_lib:format("store~p", [N]);
+pp_arg({var, N})   -> io_lib:format("var~p", [N]);
+pp_arg(?a)         -> "a".
 
 %% -- Analysis --
 
 annotate_code(Code) ->
-    {WCode, _} = ann_writes(Code, ordsets:new(), []),
-    {RCode, _} = ann_reads(WCode, ordsets:new(), []),
-    RCode.
+    annotate_code(5, [], Code).
 
-%% Reverses the code
-ann_writes(missing, Writes, []) -> {missing, Writes};
-ann_writes([switch_body | Code], Writes, Acc) ->
-    ann_writes(Code, Writes, [switch_body | Acc]);
-ann_writes([{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def} | Code], Writes, Acc) ->
-    {Alts1, WritesAlts} = lists:unzip([ ann_writes(Alt, Writes, []) || Alt <- Alts ]),
-    {Def1, WritesDef}   = ann_writes(Def, Writes, []),
-    Writes1 = ordsets:union(Writes, ordsets:intersection([WritesDef | WritesAlts])),
-    ann_writes(Code, Writes1, [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts1, Def1} | Acc]);
-ann_writes([I | Code], Writes, Acc) ->
-    Ws = [ W || W <- var_writes(I), not ?IsState(W) ],
-    Writes1 = ordsets:union(Writes, Ws),
-    Ann = #{ writes_in => Writes, writes_out => Writes1 },
-    ann_writes(Code, Writes1, [{i, Ann, I} | Acc]);
-ann_writes([], Writes, Acc) ->
-    {Acc, Writes}.
+annotate_code(Fuel, LiveTop, Code) ->
+    {Code1, LiveIn} = ann_live(LiveTop, Code, []),
+    case LiveIn == LiveTop of
+        true  -> Code1;
+        false when Fuel =< 0 ->
+            code_error(liveness_analysis_out_of_fuel);
+        false -> annotate_code(Fuel - 1, LiveIn, Code)
+    end.
 
-%% Takes reversed code and unreverses it.
-ann_reads(missing, Reads, []) -> {missing, Reads};
-ann_reads([switch_body | Code], Reads, Acc) ->
-    ann_reads(Code, Reads, [switch_body | Acc]);
-ann_reads([{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def} | Code], Reads, Acc) ->
-    {Alts1, ReadsAlts} = lists:unzip([ ann_reads(Alt, Reads, []) || Alt <- Alts ]),
-    {Def1, ReadsDef}   = ann_reads(Def, Reads, []),
-    Reads1 = ordsets:union([[Arg], Reads, ReadsDef | ReadsAlts]),
-    ann_reads(Code, Reads1, [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts1, Def1} | Acc]);
-ann_reads([{i, Ann, I} | Code], Reads, Acc) ->
-    #{ writes_in := WritesIn, writes_out := WritesOut } = Ann,
-    #{ read := Rs, write := W, pure := Pure } = attributes(I),
-    Reads1  =
-        case {W, Pure andalso not ordsets:is_element(W, Reads)} of
-            %% This is a little bit dangerous: if writing to a dead variable, we ignore
-            %% the reads. Relies on dead writes to be removed by the
-            %% optimisations below (r_write_to_dead_var).
-            {{var, _}, true} -> Reads;
-            _                -> ordsets:union(Reads, Rs)
-        end,
-    LiveIn  = ordsets:intersection(Reads1, WritesIn),
-    LiveOut = ordsets:intersection(Reads, WritesOut),
-    Ann1    = #{ live_in => LiveIn, live_out => LiveOut },
-    ann_reads(Code, Reads1, [{i, Ann1, I} | Acc]);
-ann_reads([], Reads, Acc) -> {Acc, Reads}.
+ann_live(_LiveTop, missing, _LiveOut) -> {missing, []};
+ann_live(_LiveTop, [], LiveOut)       -> {[], LiveOut};
+ann_live(LiveTop, [I | Is], LiveOut) ->
+    {Is1, LiveMid} = ann_live(LiveTop, Is, LiveOut),
+    {I1, LiveIn}   = ann_live1(LiveTop, I, LiveMid),
+    {[I1 | Is1], LiveIn}.
 
-%% Instruction attributes: reads, writes and purity (pure means no side-effects
-%% aside from the reads and writes).
+ann_live1(_LiveTop, switch_body, LiveOut) ->
+    Ann = #{ live_in => LiveOut, live_out => LiveOut },
+    {{i, Ann, switch_body}, LiveOut};
+ann_live1(LiveTop, loop, _LiveOut) ->
+    Ann = #{ live_in => LiveTop, live_out => [] },
+    {{i, Ann, loop}, LiveTop};
+ann_live1(LiveTop, {switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def}, LiveOut) ->
+    Read              = [Arg || is_reg(Arg)],
+    {Alts1, LiveAlts} = lists:unzip([ ann_live(LiveTop, Alt, LiveOut) || Alt <- Alts ]),
+    {Def1,  LiveDef}  = ann_live(LiveTop, Def, LiveOut),
+    LiveIn = ordsets:union([Read, LiveDef | LiveAlts]),
+    {{switch, Arg, Type, Alts1, Def1}, LiveIn};
+ann_live1(_LiveTop, I, LiveOut) ->
+    #{ read := Reads0, write := W } = attributes(I),
+    Reads   = lists:filter(fun is_reg/1, Reads0),
+    %% If we write it here it's not live in (unless we also read it)
+    LiveIn = ordsets:union(LiveOut -- [W], Reads),
+    Ann = #{ live_in => LiveIn, live_out => LiveOut },
+    {{i, Ann, I}, LiveIn}.
+
+is_reg(?a)             -> false;
+is_reg(none)           -> false;
+is_reg(pc)             -> false;
+is_reg({immediate, _}) -> false;
+is_reg({arg, _})       -> true;
+is_reg({store, _})     -> true;
+is_reg({var, _})       -> true.
+
+%% Instruction attributes: reads, writes and purity (pure means no writing to the chain).
 attributes(I) ->
     Set  = fun(L) when is_list(L) -> ordsets:from_list(L);
               (X)                 -> ordsets:from_list([X]) end,
@@ -765,12 +709,13 @@ attributes(I) ->
     Impure = fun(W, R) -> Attr(W, R, false) end,
     case I of
         loop                                  -> Impure(pc, []);
+        switch_body                           -> Pure(none, []);
         'RETURN'                              -> Impure(pc, []);
         {'RETURNR', A}                        -> Impure(pc, A);
-        {'CALL', _}                           -> Impure(?a, []);
+        {'CALL', A}                           -> Impure(?a, [A]);
         {'CALL_R', A, _, B, C, D}             -> Impure(?a, [A, B, C, D]);
         {'CALL_GR', A, _, B, C, D, E}         -> Impure(?a, [A, B, C, D, E]);
-        {'CALL_T', _}                         -> Impure(pc, []);
+        {'CALL_T', A}                         -> Impure(pc, [A]);
         {'CALL_VALUE', A}                     -> Pure(A, []);
         {'JUMP', _}                           -> Impure(pc, []);
         {'JUMPIF', A, _}                      -> Impure(pc, A);
@@ -849,31 +794,32 @@ attributes(I) ->
         {'ECVERIFY_SECP256K1', A, B, C, D}    -> Pure(A, [B, C, D]);
         {'ECRECOVER_SECP256K1', A, B, C}      -> Pure(A, [B, C]);
         {'CONTRACT_TO_ADDRESS', A, B}         -> Pure(A, [B]);
+        {'ADDRESS_TO_CONTRACT', A, B}         -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'AUTH_TX_HASH', A}                   -> Pure(A, []);
         {'BYTES_TO_INT', A, B}                -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'BYTES_TO_STR', A, B}                -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'BYTES_CONCAT', A, B, C}             -> Pure(A, [B, C]);
         {'BYTES_SPLIT', A, B, C}              -> Pure(A, [B, C]);
-        {'ORACLE_CHECK', A, B, C, D}          -> Impure(A, [B, C, D]);
-        {'ORACLE_CHECK_QUERY', A, B, C, D, E} -> Impure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
-        {'IS_ORACLE', A, B}                   -> Impure(A, [B]);
-        {'IS_CONTRACT', A, B}                 -> Impure(A, [B]);
-        {'IS_PAYABLE', A, B}                  -> Impure(A, [B]);
+        {'ORACLE_CHECK', A, B, C, D}          -> Pure(A, [B, C, D]);
+        {'ORACLE_CHECK_QUERY', A, B, C, D, E} -> Pure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
+        {'IS_ORACLE', A, B}                   -> Pure(A, [B]);
+        {'IS_CONTRACT', A, B}                 -> Pure(A, [B]);
+        {'IS_PAYABLE', A, B}                  -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'CREATOR', A}                        -> Pure(A, []);
         {'ADDRESS', A}                        -> Pure(A, []);
-        {'BALANCE', A}                        -> Impure(A, []);
-        {'BALANCE_OTHER', A, B}               -> Impure(A, [B]);
+        {'BALANCE', A}                        -> Pure(A, []);
+        {'BALANCE_OTHER', A, B}               -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'ORIGIN', A}                         -> Pure(A, []);
         {'CALLER', A}                         -> Pure(A, []);
         {'GASPRICE', A}                       -> Pure(A, []);
-        {'BLOCKHASH', A, B}                   -> Impure(A, [B]);
+        {'BLOCKHASH', A, B}                   -> Pure(A, [B]);
         {'BENEFICIARY', A}                    -> Pure(A, []);
         {'TIMESTAMP', A}                      -> Pure(A, []);
         {'GENERATION', A}                     -> Pure(A, []);
         {'MICROBLOCK', A}                     -> Pure(A, []);
         {'DIFFICULTY', A}                     -> Pure(A, []);
         {'GASLIMIT', A}                       -> Pure(A, []);
-        {'GAS', A}                            -> Impure(?a, A);
+        {'GAS', A}                            -> Pure(A, []);
         {'LOG0', A}                           -> Impure(none, [A]);
         {'LOG1', A, B}                        -> Impure(none, [A, B]);
         {'LOG2', A, B, C}                     -> Impure(none, [A, B, C]);
@@ -885,10 +831,10 @@ attributes(I) ->
         {'ORACLE_QUERY', A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H} -> Impure(A, [B, C, D, E, F, G, H]);
         {'ORACLE_RESPOND', A, B, C, D, E, F}  -> Impure(none, [A, B, C, D, E, F]);
         {'ORACLE_EXTEND', A, B, C}            -> Impure(none, [A, B, C]);
-        {'ORACLE_GET_ANSWER', A, B, C, D, E}  -> Impure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
-        {'ORACLE_GET_QUESTION', A, B, C, D, E}-> Impure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
-        {'ORACLE_QUERY_FEE', A, B}            -> Impure(A, [B]);
-        {'AENS_RESOLVE', A, B, C, D}          -> Impure(A, [B, C, D]);
+        {'ORACLE_GET_ANSWER', A, B, C, D, E}  -> Pure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
+        {'ORACLE_GET_QUESTION', A, B, C, D, E}-> Pure(A, [B, C, D, E]);
+        {'ORACLE_QUERY_FEE', A, B}            -> Pure(A, [B]);
+        {'AENS_RESOLVE', A, B, C, D}          -> Pure(A, [B, C, D]);
         {'AENS_PRECLAIM', A, B, C}            -> Impure(none, [A, B, C]);
         {'AENS_CLAIM', A, B, C, D, E}         -> Impure(none, [A, B, C, D, E]);
         'AENS_UPDATE'                         -> Impure(none, []);%% TODO
@@ -903,15 +849,17 @@ var_writes({i, _, I}) -> var_writes(I);
 var_writes(I) ->
     #{ write := W } = attributes(I),
     case W of
-        {var, _} -> [W];
-        _        -> []
+        {var, _}   -> [W];
+        {arg, _}   -> [W];
+        {store, _} -> [W];
+        {stack, _} -> [];
+        none       -> [];
+        pc         -> []
     end.
 
 -spec independent(sinstr_a(), sinstr_a()) -> boolean().
 %% independent({switch, _, _, _, _}, _) -> false;       %% Commented due to Dialyzer whinging
 independent(_, {switch, _, _, _, _}) -> false;
-%% independent(switch_body, _) -> true;
-independent(_, switch_body) -> true;
 independent({i, _, I}, {i, _, J}) ->
     #{ write := WI, read := RI, pure := PureI } = attributes(I),
     #{ write := WJ, read := RJ, pure := PureJ } = attributes(J),
@@ -922,6 +870,7 @@ independent({i, _, I}, {i, _, J}) ->
     if  WI == pc; WJ == pc   -> false;     %% no jumps
         not (PureI or PureJ) -> false;     %% at least one is pure
         StackI and StackJ    -> false;     %% cannot both use the stack
+        WI == WJ             -> false;     %% cannot write to the same register
         true                 ->
             %% and cannot write to each other's inputs
             not lists:member(WI, RJ) andalso
@@ -932,8 +881,6 @@ merge_ann(#{ live_in := LiveIn }, #{ live_out := LiveOut }) ->
     #{ live_in => LiveIn, live_out => LiveOut }.
 
 %% Swap two instructions. Precondition: the instructions are independent/2.
-swap_instrs(I, switch_body) -> {switch_body, I};
-%% swap_instrs(switch_body, I) -> {I, switch_body};   %% Commented due to Dialyzer whinging
 swap_instrs({i, #{ live_in := Live1 }, I}, {i, #{ live_in := Live2, live_out := Live3 }, J}) ->
     %% Since I and J are independent the J can't read or write anything in
     %% that I writes.
@@ -945,17 +892,16 @@ swap_instrs({i, #{ live_in := Live1 }, I}, {i, #{ live_in := Live2, live_out :=
     {{i, #{ live_in => Live1,  live_out => Live2_ }, J},
      {i, #{ live_in => Live2_, live_out => Live3  }, I}}.
 
-live_in(R, _) when ?IsState(R) -> true;
+live_in({store, _}, _) -> true;
 live_in(R, #{ live_in  := LiveIn  }) -> ordsets:is_element(R, LiveIn);
 live_in(R, {i, Ann, _}) -> live_in(R, Ann);
 live_in(R, [I = {i, _, _} | _]) -> live_in(R, I);
-live_in(R, [switch_body | Code]) -> live_in(R, Code);
 live_in(R, [{switch, A, _, Alts, Def} | _]) ->
     R == A orelse lists:any(fun(Code) -> live_in(R, Code) end, [Def | Alts]);
 live_in(_, missing) -> false;
 live_in(_, []) -> false.
 
-live_out(R, _) when ?IsState(R) -> true;
+live_out({store, _}, _) -> true;
 live_out(R, #{ live_out := LiveOut }) -> ordsets:is_element(R, LiveOut).
 
 %% -- Optimizations --
@@ -977,7 +923,7 @@ simpl_top(I, Code, Options) ->
     simpl_top(?SIMPL_FUEL, I, Code, Options).
 
 simpl_top(0, I, Code, _Options) ->
-    error({out_of_fuel, I, Code});
+    code_error({optimizer_out_of_fuel, I, Code});
 simpl_top(Fuel, I, Code, Options) ->
     apply_rules(Fuel, rules(), I, Code, Options).
 
@@ -989,7 +935,7 @@ apply_rules(Fuel, Rules, I, Code, Options) ->
             case is_debug(opt_rules, Options) of
                 true ->
                     {OldCode, NewCode} = drop_common_suffix([I | Code], New ++ Rest),
-                    debug(opt_rules, Options, "  Applied ~p:\n~s  ==>\n~s\n", [RName, pp_ann("    ", OldCode), pp_ann("    ", NewCode)]);
+                    ?debug(opt_rules, Options, "  Applied ~p:\n~s  ==>\n~s\n", [RName, pp_ann("    ", OldCode), pp_ann("    ", NewCode)]);
                 false -> ok
             end,
             lists:foldr(Cons, Rest, New)
@@ -1019,6 +965,7 @@ rules() ->
      ?RULE(r_swap_write),
      ?RULE(r_constant_propagation),
      ?RULE(r_prune_impossible_branches),
+     ?RULE(r_single_successful_branch),
      ?RULE(r_inline_store),
      ?RULE(r_float_switch_body)
     ].
@@ -1041,8 +988,9 @@ r_push_consume({i, Ann1, I}, [{i, Ann2, {'STORE', R, ?a}} | Code]) ->
        true   -> false end;
 r_push_consume(_, _) -> false.
 
-inline_push(Ann, Arg, Stack, [switch_body | Code], Acc) ->
-    inline_push(Ann, Arg, Stack, Code, [switch_body | Acc]);
+inline_push(Ann, Arg, Stack, [{i, _, switch_body} = AI | Code], Acc) ->
+    {AI1, {i, Ann1, _}} = swap_instrs({i, Ann, {'STORE', ?a, Arg}}, AI),
+    inline_push(Ann1, Arg, Stack, Code, [AI1 | Acc]);
 inline_push(Ann1, Arg, Stack, [{i, Ann2, I} = AI | Code], Acc) ->
     case op_view(I) of
         {Op, R, As} ->
@@ -1116,8 +1064,9 @@ r_swap_write(I = {i, _, _}, [J | Code]) ->
     end;
 r_swap_write(_, _) -> false.
 
-r_swap_write(Pre, I, [switch_body | Code]) ->
-    r_swap_write([switch_body | Pre], I, Code);
+r_swap_write(Pre, I, [{i, _, switch_body} = J | Code]) ->
+    {J1, I1} = swap_instrs(I, J),
+    r_swap_write([J1 | Pre], I1, Code);
 r_swap_write(Pre, I, Code0 = [J | Code]) ->
     case apply_rules_once(merge_rules(), I, Code0) of
         {_Rule, New, Rest} ->
@@ -1133,18 +1082,20 @@ r_swap_write(Pre, I, Code0 = [J | Code]) ->
 r_swap_write(_, _, _) -> false.
 
 %% Precompute instructions with known values
-r_constant_propagation(Cons = {i, _, {'CONS', R, _, _}}, [{i, Ann, {'IS_NIL', S, R}} | Code]) ->
+r_constant_propagation(Cons = {i, Ann1, {'CONS', R, X, Xs}}, [{i, Ann, {'IS_NIL', S, R}} | Code]) ->
     Store = {i, Ann, {'STORE', S, ?i(false)}},
-    case R of
-        ?a -> {[Store], Code};
-        _  -> {[Cons, Store], Code}
-    end;
-r_constant_propagation(Cons = {i, _, {'NIL', R}}, [{i, Ann, {'IS_NIL', S, R}} | Code]) ->
+    Cons1 = case R of
+                ?a -> {i, Ann1, {'CONS', ?void, X, Xs}};
+                _  -> Cons
+            end,
+    {[Cons1, Store], Code};
+r_constant_propagation(Nil = {i, Ann1, {'NIL', R}}, [{i, Ann, {'IS_NIL', S, R}} | Code]) ->
     Store = {i, Ann, {'STORE', S, ?i(true)}},
-    case R of
-        ?a -> {[Store], Code};
-        _  -> {[Cons, Store], Code}
-    end;
+    Nil1 = case R of
+               ?a -> {i, Ann1, {'NIL', ?void}};
+               _  -> Nil
+           end,
+    {[Nil1, Store], Code};
 r_constant_propagation({i, Ann, I}, Code) ->
     case op_view(I) of
         false -> false;
@@ -1161,20 +1112,21 @@ r_constant_propagation({i, Ann, I}, Code) ->
     end;
 r_constant_propagation(_, _) -> false.
 
-eval_op('ADD', [X, Y]) -> X + Y;
-eval_op('SUB', [X, Y]) -> X - Y;
-eval_op('MUL', [X, Y]) -> X * Y;
-eval_op('DIV', [X, Y]) when Y /= 0 -> X div Y;
-eval_op('MOD', [X, Y]) when Y /= 0 -> X rem Y;
-eval_op('POW', [_, _]) -> no_eval;
-eval_op('LT', [X, Y])  -> X < Y;
-eval_op('GT', [X, Y])  -> X > Y;
-eval_op('EQ', [X, Y])  -> X =:= Y;
-eval_op('ELT', [X, Y]) -> X =< Y;
-eval_op('EGT', [X, Y]) -> X >= Y;
-eval_op('NEQ', [X, Y]) -> X =/= Y;
-eval_op('NOT', [X])    -> not X;
-eval_op(_, _)          -> no_eval.   %% TODO: bits?
+eval_op('ADD', [X, Y]) when is_integer(X), is_integer(Y) -> X + Y;
+eval_op('SUB', [X, Y]) when is_integer(X), is_integer(Y) -> X - Y;
+eval_op('MUL', [X, Y]) when is_integer(X), is_integer(Y) -> X * Y;
+eval_op('DIV', [X, Y]) when is_integer(X), is_integer(Y), Y /= 0 -> X div Y;
+eval_op('MOD', [X, Y]) when is_integer(X), is_integer(Y), Y /= 0 -> X rem Y;
+eval_op('POW', [_, _])  -> no_eval;
+eval_op('LT', [X, Y])   -> X < Y;
+eval_op('GT', [X, Y])   -> X > Y;
+eval_op('EQ', [X, Y])   -> X =:= Y;
+eval_op('ELT', [X, Y])  -> X =< Y;
+eval_op('EGT', [X, Y])  -> X >= Y;
+eval_op('NEQ', [X, Y])  -> X =/= Y;
+eval_op('NOT', [true])  -> false;
+eval_op('NOT', [false]) -> true;
+eval_op(_, _)           -> no_eval.   %% TODO: bits?
 
 %% Prune impossible branches from switches
 r_prune_impossible_branches({switch, ?i(V), Type, Alts, missing}, Code) ->
@@ -1182,7 +1134,7 @@ r_prune_impossible_branches({switch, ?i(V), Type, Alts, missing}, Code) ->
         false -> false;
         Alt   -> {Alt, Code}
     end;
-r_prune_impossible_branches({switch, ?i(V), boolean, [False, True] = Alts, Def}, Code) ->
+r_prune_impossible_branches({switch, ?i(V), boolean, [False, True] = Alts, Def}, Code) when V == true; V == false ->
     Alts1 = [if V -> missing; true -> False   end,
              if V -> True;    true -> missing end],
     case Alts == Alts1 of
@@ -1194,7 +1146,7 @@ r_prune_impossible_branches({switch, ?i(V), boolean, [False, True] = Alts, Def},
             end
     end;
 r_prune_impossible_branches(Variant = {i, _, {'VARIANT', R, ?i(_), ?i(Tag), ?i(_)}},
-                            [{switch, R, Type, Alts, missing} | Code]) ->
+                            [{switch, R, Type = {variant, _}, Alts, missing} | Code]) when is_integer(Tag) ->
     case {R, lists:nth(Tag + 1, Alts)} of
         {_, missing} ->
             Alts1 = [missing || _ <- Alts],
@@ -1211,7 +1163,7 @@ r_prune_impossible_branches(Variant = {i, _, {'VARIANT', R, ?i(_), ?i(Tag), ?i(_
     end;
 r_prune_impossible_branches(_, _) -> false.
 
-pick_branch(boolean, V, [False, True]) ->
+pick_branch(boolean, V, [False, True]) when V == true; V == false ->
     Alt = if V -> True; true -> False end,
     case Alt of
         missing -> false;
@@ -1220,10 +1172,62 @@ pick_branch(boolean, V, [False, True]) ->
 pick_branch(_Type, _V, _Alts) ->
     false.
 
+%% If there's a single branch that doesn't abort we can push the code for that
+%% out of the switch.
+r_single_successful_branch({switch, R, Type, Alts, Def}, Code) ->
+    case push_code_out_of_switch([Def | Alts]) of
+        {_, none} -> false;
+        {_, many} -> false;
+        {_, [{i, _, switch_body}]} -> false;
+        {[Def1 | Alts1], PushedOut} ->
+            {[{switch, R, Type, Alts1, Def1} | PushedOut], Code}
+    end;
+r_single_successful_branch(_, _) -> false.
+
+push_code_out_of_switch([]) -> {[], none};
+push_code_out_of_switch([Alt | Alts]) ->
+    {Alt1, PushedAlt}   = push_code_out_of_alt(Alt),
+    {Alts1, PushedAlts} = push_code_out_of_switch(Alts),
+    Pushed =
+        case {PushedAlt, PushedAlts} of
+            {none, _} -> PushedAlts;
+            {_, none} -> PushedAlt;
+            _         -> many
+        end,
+    {[Alt1 | Alts1], Pushed}.
+
+push_code_out_of_alt(missing) -> {missing, none};
+push_code_out_of_alt([Body = {i, _, switch_body} | Code]) ->
+    case does_abort(Code) of
+        true  -> {[Body | Code], none};
+        false -> {[Body], [Body | Code]}  %% Duplicate the switch_body, in case we apply this in the middle of a switch
+    end;
+push_code_out_of_alt([{switch, R, Type, Alts, Def}]) ->
+    {[Def1 | Alts1], Pushed} = push_code_out_of_switch([Def | Alts]),
+    {[{switch, R, Type, Alts1, Def1}], Pushed};
+push_code_out_of_alt(Code) ->
+    {Code, many}. %% Conservative
+
+does_abort([I | Code]) ->
+    does_abort(I) orelse does_abort(Code);
+does_abort({i, _, {'ABORT', _}}) -> true;
+does_abort({i, _, {'EXIT', _}}) -> true;
+does_abort(missing) -> true;
+does_abort({switch, _, _, Alts, Def}) ->
+    lists:all(fun does_abort/1, [Def | Alts]);
+does_abort(_) -> false.
+
 %% STORE R A, SWITCH R --> SWITCH A
-r_inline_switch_target(Store = {i, _, {'STORE', R, A}}, [{switch, R, Type, Alts, Def} | Code]) ->
+r_inline_switch_target({i, Ann, {'STORE', R, A}}, [{switch, R, Type, Alts, Def} | Code]) ->
+    Ann1   =
+        case is_reg(A) of
+            true  -> Ann#{ live_out := ordsets:add_element(A, maps:get(live_out, Ann)) };
+            false -> Ann
+        end,
+    Store  = {i, Ann1, {'STORE', R, A}},
     Switch = {switch, A, Type, Alts, Def},
     case R of
+        A        -> false;
         ?a       -> {[Switch], Code};
         {var, _} ->
             case lists:any(fun(Alt) -> live_in(R, Alt) end, [Def | Alts]) of
@@ -1236,8 +1240,9 @@ r_inline_switch_target(Store = {i, _, {'STORE', R, A}}, [{switch, R, Type, Alts,
 r_inline_switch_target(_, _) -> false.
 
 %% Float switch-body to closest switch
-r_float_switch_body(I = {i, _, _}, [switch_body | Code]) ->
-    {[], [switch_body, I | Code]};
+r_float_switch_body(I = {i, _, _}, [J = {i, _, switch_body} | Code]) ->
+    {J1, I1} = swap_instrs(I, J),
+    {[], [J1, I1 | Code]};
 r_float_switch_body(_, _) -> false.
 
 %% Inline stores
@@ -1246,43 +1251,47 @@ r_inline_store({i, _, {'STORE', R, R}}, Code) ->
 r_inline_store(I = {i, _, {'STORE', R = {var, _}, A}}, Code) ->
     %% Not when A is var unless updating the annotations properly.
     Inline = case A of
-                 {arg, _} -> true;
-                 ?i(_)    -> true;
-                 _        -> false
+                 {arg, _}   -> true;
+                 ?i(_)      -> true;
+                 {store, _} -> true;
+                 _          -> false
              end,
-    if Inline -> r_inline_store([I], R, A, Code);
+    if Inline -> r_inline_store([I], false, R, A, Code);
        true   -> false end;
 r_inline_store(_, _) -> false.
 
-r_inline_store(Acc, R, A, [switch_body | Code]) ->
-    r_inline_store([switch_body | Acc], R, A, Code);
-r_inline_store(Acc, R, A, [{i, Ann, I} | Code]) ->
-    #{ write := W, pure := Pure } = attributes(I),
+r_inline_store(Acc, Progress, R, A, [I = {i, _, switch_body} | Code]) ->
+    r_inline_store([I | Acc], Progress, R, A, Code);
+r_inline_store(Acc, Progress, R, A, [{i, Ann, I} | Code]) ->
+    #{ write := W } = attributes(I),
     Inl = fun(X) when X == R -> A; (X) -> X end,
-    case not live_in(R, Ann) orelse not Pure orelse lists:member(W, [R, A]) of
-        true  -> false;
-        false ->
-            case op_view(I) of
-                {Op, S, As} ->
-                    case lists:member(R, As) of
-                        true ->
-                            Acc1 = [{i, Ann, from_op_view(Op, S, lists:map(Inl, As))} | Acc],
-                            case r_inline_store(Acc1, R, A, Code) of
-                                false        -> {lists:reverse(Acc1), Code};
-                                {_, _} = Res -> Res
-                            end;
-                        false ->
-                            r_inline_store([{i, Ann, I} | Acc], R, A, Code)
-                    end;
-                _ -> r_inline_store([{i, Ann, I} | Acc], R, A, Code)
+    case live_in(R, Ann) of
+        false -> false;  %% No more reads of R
+        true  ->
+            {I1, Progress1} =
+                case op_view(I) of
+                    {Op, S, As} ->
+                        case lists:member(R, As) of
+                            true  -> {from_op_view(Op, S, lists:map(Inl, As)), true};
+                            false -> {I, Progress}
+                        end;
+                    _ -> {I, Progress}
+                end,
+            Acc1 = [{i, Ann, I1} | Acc],
+            %% Stop if write to R or A
+            case lists:member(W, [R, A]) of
+                true when Progress1 -> {lists:reverse(Acc1), Code};
+                true                -> false;
+                false               -> r_inline_store(Acc1, Progress1, R, A, Code)
             end
     end;
-r_inline_store(_Acc, _, _, _) -> false.
+r_inline_store(Acc, true, _, _, Code) -> {lists:reverse(Acc), Code};
+r_inline_store(_, false, _, _, _) -> false.
 
 %% Shortcut write followed by final read
 r_one_shot_var({i, Ann1, I}, [{i, Ann2, J} | Code]) ->
     case op_view(I) of
-        {Op, R, As} ->
+        {Op, R = {var, _}, As} ->
             Copy = case J of
                        {'STORE', S, R} -> {write_to, S};
                        _               -> false
@@ -1299,8 +1308,9 @@ r_one_shot_var(_, _) -> false.
 %% Remove writes to dead variables
 r_write_to_dead_var({i, _, {'STORE', ?void, ?a}}, _) -> false; %% Avoid looping
 r_write_to_dead_var({i, Ann, I}, Code) ->
+    #{ pure := Pure } = attributes(I),
     case op_view(I) of
-        {_Op, R = {var, _}, As} ->
+        {_Op, R, As} when R /= ?a, Pure ->
             case live_out(R, Ann) of
                 false ->
                     %% Subtle: we still have to pop the stack if any of the arguments
@@ -1312,21 +1322,24 @@ r_write_to_dead_var({i, Ann, I}, Code) ->
     end;
 r_write_to_dead_var(_, _) -> false.
 
+op_view({'ABORT', R}) -> {'ABORT', none, [R]};
 op_view(T) when is_tuple(T) ->
-    case tuple_to_list(T) of
-        [Op, R | As] when ?IsOp(Op) ->
-            {Op, R, As};
-        _ -> false
+    [Op, R | As] = tuple_to_list(T),
+    CheckReads = fun(Rs, X) -> case [] == Rs -- [dst, src] of true -> X; false -> false end end,
+    case attributes(list_to_tuple([Op, dst | [src || _ <- As]])) of
+        #{ write := dst, read := Rs  } -> CheckReads(Rs, {Op, R, As});
+        #{ write := none, read := Rs } -> CheckReads(Rs, {Op, none, [R | As]});
+        _                              -> false
     end;
 op_view(_) -> false.
 
+from_op_view(Op, none, As) -> list_to_tuple([Op | As]);
 from_op_view(Op, R, As) -> list_to_tuple([Op, R | As]).
 
 %% Desugar and specialize and remove annotations
 -spec unannotate(scode_a())  -> scode();
                 (sinstr_a()) -> sinstr();
                 (missing)    -> missing.
-unannotate(switch_body) -> [switch_body];
 unannotate({switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def}) ->
     [{switch, Arg, Type, [unannotate(A) || A <- Alts], unannotate(Def)}];
 unannotate(missing) -> missing;
@@ -1336,18 +1349,27 @@ unannotate({i, _Ann, I}) -> [I].
 
 %% Desugar and specialize
 desugar({'ADD', ?a, ?i(1), ?a}) -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc()];
-desugar({'ADD', A,  ?i(1), A})  -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc(A)];
+desugar({'ADD', A,  ?i(1), A})  -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc(desugar_arg(A))];
 desugar({'ADD', ?a, ?a, ?i(1)}) -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc()];
-desugar({'ADD', A,  A,  ?i(1)}) -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc(A)];
+desugar({'ADD', A,  A,  ?i(1)}) -> [aeb_fate_ops:inc(desugar_arg(A))];
 desugar({'SUB', ?a, ?a, ?i(1)}) -> [aeb_fate_ops:dec()];
-desugar({'SUB', A, A, ?i(1)})   -> [aeb_fate_ops:dec(A)];
-desugar({'STORE', ?a, A})       -> [aeb_fate_ops:push(A)];
+desugar({'SUB', A, A, ?i(1)})   -> [aeb_fate_ops:dec(desugar_arg(A))];
+desugar({'STORE', ?a, A})       -> [aeb_fate_ops:push(desugar_arg(A))];
+desugar({'STORE', R, ?a})       -> [aeb_fate_ops:pop(desugar_arg(R))];
 desugar({switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Def}) ->
-    [{switch, Arg, Type, [desugar(A) || A <- Alts], desugar(Def)}];
+    [{switch, desugar_arg(Arg), Type, [desugar(A) || A <- Alts], desugar(Def)}];
 desugar(missing) -> missing;
 desugar(Code) when is_list(Code) ->
     lists:flatmap(fun desugar/1, Code);
-desugar(I) -> [I].
+desugar(I) -> [desugar_args(I)].
+
+desugar_args(I) when is_tuple(I) ->
+    [Op | Args] = tuple_to_list(I),
+    list_to_tuple([Op | lists:map(fun desugar_arg/1, Args)]);
+desugar_args(I) -> I.
+
+desugar_arg({store, N}) -> {var, -N};
+desugar_arg(A) -> A.
 
 %% -- Phase III --------------------------------------------------------------
 %%  Constructing basic blocks
@@ -1412,11 +1434,13 @@ block(Blk = #blk{code     = [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Default} | Code],
     {DefRef, DefBlk} =
         case Default of
             missing when Catchall == none ->
-                FreshBlk([aeb_fate_ops:exit(?i(<<"Incomplete patterns">>))], none);
+                FreshBlk([aeb_fate_ops:abort(?i(<<"Incomplete patterns">>))], none);
             missing -> {Catchall, []};
             _       -> FreshBlk(Default ++ [{jump, RestRef}], Catchall)
                        %% ^ fall-through to the outer catchall
         end,
+    %% If we don't generate a switch, we need to pop the argument if on the stack.
+    Pop = [{'POP', ?void} || Arg == ?a],
     {Blk1, Code1, AltBlks} =
         case Type of
             boolean ->
@@ -1432,7 +1456,7 @@ block(Blk = #blk{code     = [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Default} | Code],
                         _       -> FalseCode ++ [{jump, RestRef}]
                     end,
                 case lists:usort(Alts) == [missing] of
-                    true  -> {Blk#blk{code = [{jump, DefRef}]}, [], []};
+                    true  -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ [{jump, DefRef}]}, [], []};
                     false ->
                         case Arg of
                             ?i(false) -> {Blk#blk{code = ElseCode}, [], ThenBlk};
@@ -1442,18 +1466,28 @@ block(Blk = #blk{code     = [{switch, Arg, Type, Alts, Default} | Code],
                 end;
             tuple ->
                 [TCode] = Alts,
-                {Blk#blk{code = TCode ++ [{jump, RestRef}]}, [], []};
+                case TCode of
+                    missing -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ [{jump, DefRef}]}, [], []};
+                    _       -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ TCode ++ [{jump, RestRef}]}, [], []}
+                end;
             {variant, [_]} ->
                 %% [SINGLE_CON_SWITCH] Single constructor switches don't need a
                 %% switch instruction.
                 [AltCode] = Alts,
-                {Blk#blk{code = AltCode ++ [{jump, RestRef}]}, [], []};
+                case AltCode of
+                    missing -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ [{jump, DefRef}]}, [], []};
+                    _       -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ AltCode ++ [{jump, RestRef}]}, [], []}
+                end;
             {variant, _Ar} ->
-                MkBlk = fun(missing) -> {DefRef, []};
-                           (ACode)   -> FreshBlk(ACode ++ [{jump, RestRef}], DefRef)
-                        end,
-                {AltRefs, AltBs} = lists:unzip(lists:map(MkBlk, Alts)),
-                {Blk#blk{code = []}, [{switch, Arg, AltRefs}], lists:append(AltBs)}
+                case lists:usort(Alts) == [missing] of
+                    true  -> {Blk#blk{code = Pop ++ [{jump, DefRef}]}, [], []};
+                    false ->
+                        MkBlk = fun(missing) -> {DefRef, []};
+                                   (ACode)   -> FreshBlk(ACode ++ [{jump, RestRef}], DefRef)
+                                end,
+                        {AltRefs, AltBs} = lists:unzip(lists:map(MkBlk, Alts)),
+                        {Blk#blk{code = []}, [{switch, Arg, AltRefs}], lists:append(AltBs)}
+                end
         end,
     Blk2 = Blk1#blk{catchall = DefRef}, %% Update catchall ref
     block(Blk2, Code1 ++ Acc, DefBlk ++ RestBlk ++ AltBlks ++ Blocks, BlockAcc);
@@ -1469,9 +1503,10 @@ optimize_blocks(Blocks) ->
     RBlockMap = maps:from_list(RBlocks),
     RBlocks1  = reorder_blocks(RBlocks, []),
     RBlocks2  = [ {Ref, inline_block(RBlockMap, Ref, Code)} || {Ref, Code} <- RBlocks1 ],
-    RBlocks3  = remove_dead_blocks(RBlocks2),
-    RBlocks4  = [ {Ref, tweak_returns(Code)} || {Ref, Code} <- RBlocks3 ],
-    Rev(RBlocks4).
+    RBlocks3  = shortcut_jump_chains(RBlocks2),
+    RBlocks4  = remove_dead_blocks(RBlocks3),
+    RBlocks5  = [ {Ref, tweak_returns(Code)} || {Ref, Code} <- RBlocks4 ],
+    Rev(RBlocks5).
 
 %% Choose the next block based on the final jump.
 reorder_blocks([], Acc) ->
@@ -1507,6 +1542,21 @@ inline_block(BlockMap, Ref, [{jump, L} | Code] = Code0) when L /= Ref ->
     end;
 inline_block(_, _, Code) -> Code.
 
+%% Shortcut jumps to blocks with a single jump
+shortcut_jump_chains(RBlocks) ->
+    Subst = lists:foldl(fun({L1, [{jump, L2}]}, Sub) ->
+                            Sub#{ L1 => maps:get(L2, Sub, L2) };
+                           (_, Sub) -> Sub end, #{}, RBlocks),
+    [ {Ref, update_labels(Subst, Code)} || {Ref, Code} <- RBlocks ].
+
+update_labels(Sub, Ref) when is_reference(Ref) ->
+    maps:get(Ref, Sub, Ref);
+update_labels(Sub, L) when is_list(L) ->
+    lists:map(fun(X) -> update_labels(Sub, X) end, L);
+update_labels(Sub, T) when is_tuple(T) ->
+    list_to_tuple(update_labels(Sub, tuple_to_list(T)));
+update_labels(_, X) -> X.
+
 %% Remove unused blocks
 remove_dead_blocks(Blocks = [{Top, _} | _]) ->
     BlockMap   = maps:from_list(Blocks),

src/aeso_parser.erl

@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ parse_and_scan(P, S, Opts) ->
     set_current_file(proplists:get_value(src_file, Opts, no_file)),
     case aeso_scan:scan(S) of
         {ok, Tokens} -> aeso_parse_lib:parse(P, Tokens);
-        Error        -> Error
+        {error, {{Input, Pos}, _}} ->
+            {error, {Pos, scan_error, Input}}
     end.
 
 -dialyzer({nowarn_function, parse_error/1}).
@@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ parse_error(Err) ->
 mk_p_err(Pos, Msg) ->
     aeso_errors:new(parse_error, mk_pos(Pos), lists:flatten(Msg)).
 
-mk_error({Pos, ScanE}) when ScanE == scan_error; ScanE == scan_error_no_state ->
-    mk_p_err(Pos, "Scan error\n");
+mk_error({Pos, scan_error, Input}) ->
+    mk_p_err(Pos, io_lib:format("Lexical error on input: ~s\n", [Input]));
 mk_error({Pos, parse_error, Err}) ->
     Msg = io_lib:format("~s\n", [Err]),
     mk_p_err(Pos, Msg);
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ decl() ->
     , ?RULE(token(payable),     keyword(contract), con(), tok('='), maybe_block(decl()), add_modifiers([_1], {contract, _2, _3, _5}))
     , ?RULE(keyword(namespace), con(), tok('='), maybe_block(decl()), {namespace, _1, _2, _4})
     , ?RULE(keyword(include),   str(), {include, get_ann(_1), _2})
+    , pragma()
 
       %% Type declarations  TODO: format annotation for "type bla" vs "type bla()"
     , ?RULE(keyword(type),     id(),                                          {type_decl, _1, _2, []})
@@ -104,6 +106,16 @@ decl() ->
     , ?RULE(keyword('let'),    valdef(),                         set_pos(get_pos(_1), _2))
     ])).
 
+pragma() ->
+    Op = choice([token(T) || T <- ['<', '=<', '==', '>=', '>']]),
+    ?RULE(tok('@'), id("compiler"), Op, version(), {pragma, get_ann(_1), {compiler, element(1, _3), _4}}).
+
+version() ->
+    ?RULE(token(int), many({tok('.'), token(int)}), mk_version(_1, _2)).
+
+mk_version({int, _, Maj}, Rest) ->
+    [Maj | [N || {_, {int, _, N}} <- Rest]].
+
 fun_or_entry() ->
     choice([?RULE(keyword(function), {function, _1}),
             ?RULE(keyword(entrypoint), {entrypoint, _1})]).
@@ -312,7 +324,7 @@ map_key(Key, {ok, {_, Val}}) -> {map_key, Key, Val}.
 
 elim(E, [])                              -> E;
 elim(E, [{proj, Ann, P} | Es])           -> elim({proj, Ann, E, P}, Es);
-elim(E, [{app, Ann, Args} | Es])         -> elim({app, Ann, E, Args}, Es);
+elim(E, [{app, _Ann, Args} | Es])        -> elim({app, aeso_syntax:get_ann(E), E, Args}, Es);
 elim(E, [{rec_upd, Ann, Flds} | Es])     -> elim(record_update(Ann, E, Flds), Es);
 elim(E, [{map_get, Ann, Key} | Es])      -> elim({map_get, Ann, E, Key}, Es);
 elim(E, [{map_get, Ann, Key, Val} | Es]) -> elim({map_get, Ann, E, Key, Val}, Es).
@@ -406,7 +418,7 @@ token(Tag) ->
 id(Id) ->
     ?LET_P({id, A, X} = Y, id(),
            if X == Id -> Y;
-              true    -> fail({A, "expected 'bytes'"})
+              true    -> fail({A, "expected '" ++ Id ++ "'"})
            end).
 
 id_or_addr() ->
@@ -607,11 +619,28 @@ read_file(File, Opts) ->
             case maps:get(binary_to_list(File), Files, not_found) of
                 not_found -> {error, not_found};
                 Src       -> {ok, Src}
+            end;
+        escript ->
+            try
+                Escript        = escript:script_name(),
+                {ok, Sections} = escript:extract(Escript, []),
+                Archive        = proplists:get_value(archive, Sections),
+                FileName       = binary_to_list(filename:join([aesophia, priv, stdlib, File])),
+                case zip:extract(Archive, [{file_list, [FileName]}, memory]) of
+                    {ok, [{_, Src}]} -> {ok, Src};
+                    _                -> {error, not_found}
+                end
+            catch _:_ ->
+                {error, not_found}
             end
     end.
 
 stdlib_options() ->
-    [{include, {file_system, [aeso_stdlib:stdlib_include_path()]}}].
+    StdLibDir = aeso_stdlib:stdlib_include_path(),
+    case filelib:is_dir(StdLibDir) of
+        true  -> [{include, {file_system, [StdLibDir]}}];
+        false -> [{include, escript}]
+    end.
 
 get_include_code(File, Ann, Opts) ->
     case {read_file(File, Opts), read_file(File, stdlib_options())} of

src/aeso_pretty.erl

@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ decl({contract, _, C, Ds}) ->
     block(follow(text("contract"), hsep(name(C), text("="))), decls(Ds));
 decl({namespace, _, C, Ds}) ->
     block(follow(text("namespace"), hsep(name(C), text("="))), decls(Ds));
+decl({pragma, _, Pragma}) -> pragma(Pragma);
 decl({type_decl, _, T, Vars}) -> typedecl(alias_t, T, Vars);
 decl({type_def, _, T, Vars, Def}) ->
     Kind = element(1, Def),
@@ -170,6 +171,10 @@ decl(D = {letfun, Attrs, _, _, _, _}) ->
     hsep(lists:map(Mod, Attrs) ++ [letdecl(Fun, D)]);
 decl(D = {letval, _, _, _, _}) -> letdecl("let", D).
 
+-spec pragma(aeso_syntax:pragma()) -> doc().
+pragma({compiler, Op, Ver}) ->
+    text("@compiler " ++ atom_to_list(Op) ++ " " ++ string:join([integer_to_list(N) || N <- Ver], ".")).
+
 -spec expr(aeso_syntax:expr(), options()) -> doc().
 expr(E, Options) ->
     with_options(Options, fun() -> expr(E) end).

src/aeso_scan.erl

@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@
                         override/2, push/2, pop/1]).
 
 lexer() ->
+    Number   = fun(Digit) -> [Digit, "+(_", Digit, "+)*"] end,
     DIGIT    = "[0-9]",
     HEXDIGIT = "[0-9a-fA-F]",
     LOWER    = "[a-z_]",
     UPPER    = "[A-Z]",
     CON      = [UPPER, "[a-zA-Z0-9_]*"],
-    INT      = [DIGIT, "+"],
-    HEX      = ["0x", HEXDIGIT, "+"],
-    BYTES    = ["#", HEXDIGIT, "+"],
+    INT      = Number(DIGIT),
+    HEX      = ["0x", Number(HEXDIGIT)],
+    BYTES    = ["#", Number(HEXDIGIT)],
     WS       = "[\\000-\\ ]+",
     ID       = [LOWER, "[a-zA-Z0-9_']*"],
     TVAR     = ["'", ID],
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ lexer() ->
         , {CHAR,   token(char,   fun parse_char/1)}
         , {STRING, token(string, fun parse_string/1)}
         , {HEX,    token(hex,    fun parse_hex/1)}
-        , {INT,    token(int,    fun list_to_integer/1)}
+        , {INT,    token(int,    fun parse_int/1)}
         , {BYTES,  token(bytes,  fun parse_bytes/1)}
 
           %% Identifiers (qualified first!)
@@ -95,9 +96,11 @@ parse_char([$', C, $']) -> C.
 
 unescape(Str) -> unescape(Str, []).
 
-%% TODO: numeric escapes
 unescape([$"], Acc) ->
     list_to_binary(lists:reverse(Acc));
+unescape([$\\, $x, D1, D2 | Chars ], Acc) ->
+    C = list_to_integer([D1, D2], 16),
+    unescape(Chars, [C | Acc]);
 unescape([$\\, Code | Chars], Acc) ->
     Ok = fun(C) -> unescape(Chars, [C | Acc]) end,
     case Code of
@@ -115,10 +118,18 @@ unescape([$\\, Code | Chars], Acc) ->
 unescape([C | Chars], Acc) ->
     unescape(Chars, [C | Acc]).
 
-parse_hex("0x" ++ Chars) -> list_to_integer(Chars, 16).
+strip_underscores(S) ->
+    lists:filter(fun(C) -> C /= $_ end, S).
 
-parse_bytes("#" ++ Chars) ->
-    N      = list_to_integer(Chars, 16),
-    Digits = (length(Chars) + 1) div 2,
+parse_hex("0x" ++ S) ->
+    list_to_integer(strip_underscores(S), 16).
+
+parse_int(S) ->
+    list_to_integer(strip_underscores(S)).
+
+parse_bytes("#" ++ S0) ->
+    S      = strip_underscores(S0),
+    N      = list_to_integer(S, 16),
+    Digits = (length(S) + 1) div 2,
     <<N:Digits/unit:8>>.
 

src/aeso_syntax.erl

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 -export_type([ann_line/0, ann_col/0, ann_origin/0, ann_format/0, ann/0]).
 -export_type([name/0, id/0, con/0, qid/0, qcon/0, tvar/0, op/0]).
 -export_type([bin_op/0, un_op/0]).
--export_type([decl/0, letbind/0, typedef/0]).
+-export_type([decl/0, letbind/0, typedef/0, pragma/0]).
 -export_type([arg/0, field_t/0, constructor_t/0, named_arg_t/0]).
 -export_type([type/0, constant/0, expr/0, arg_expr/0, field/1, stmt/0, alt/0, lvalue/0, elim/0, pat/0]).
 -export_type([ast/0]).
@@ -36,11 +36,16 @@
 
 -type decl() :: {contract, ann(), con(), [decl()]}
               | {namespace, ann(), con(), [decl()]}
+              | {pragma, ann(), pragma()}
               | {type_decl, ann(), id(), [tvar()]}
               | {type_def, ann(), id(), [tvar()], typedef()}
               | {fun_decl, ann(), id(), type()}
               | letbind().
 
+-type compiler_version() :: [non_neg_integer()].
+
+-type pragma() :: {compiler, '==' | '<' | '>' | '=<' | '>=', compiler_version()}.
+
 -type letbind()
     :: {letval, ann(), id(), type(), expr()}
      | {letfun, ann(), id(), [arg()], type(), expr()}.

src/aeso_vm_decode.erl

@@ -18,9 +18,14 @@ from_aevm(word, {id, _, "address"},                     N) -> address_literal(ac
 from_aevm(word, {app_t, _, {id, _, "oracle"}, _},       N) -> address_literal(oracle_pubkey, N);
 from_aevm(word, {app_t, _, {id, _, "oracle_query"}, _}, N) -> address_literal(oracle_query_id, N);
 from_aevm(word, {con, _, _Name},                        N) -> address_literal(contract_pubkey, N);
-from_aevm(word, {id, _, "int"},     N) -> <<N1:256/signed>> = <<N:256>>, {int, [], N1};
-from_aevm(word, {id, _, "bits"},    N) -> error({todo, bits, N});
-from_aevm(word, {id, _, "bool"},    N) -> {bool, [], N /= 0};
+from_aevm(word, {id, _, "int"}, N0) ->
+    <<N:256/signed>> = <<N0:256>>,
+    if N < 0 -> {app, [{format, prefix}], {'-', []}, [{int, [], -N}]};
+       true  -> {int, [], N} end;
+from_aevm(word, {id, _, "bits"}, N0) ->
+    <<N:256/signed>> = <<N0:256>>,
+    make_bits(N);
+from_aevm(word, {id, _, "bool"}, N) -> {bool, [], N /= 0};
 from_aevm(word, {bytes_t, _, Len}, Val) when Len =< 32 ->
     <<Bytes:Len/unit:8, _/binary>> = <<Val:32/unit:8>>,
     {bytes, [], <<Bytes:Len/unit:8>>};
@@ -55,6 +60,7 @@ from_aevm({variant, VmCons}, {variant_t, Cons}, {variant, Tag, Args})
     VmTypes = lists:nth(Tag + 1, VmCons),
     ConType = lists:nth(Tag + 1, Cons),
     from_aevm(VmTypes, ConType, Args);
+from_aevm([], {constr_t, _, Con, []}, []) -> Con;
 from_aevm(VmTypes, {constr_t, _, Con, Types}, Args)
         when length(VmTypes) == length(Types),
              length(VmTypes) == length(Args) ->
@@ -70,8 +76,10 @@ from_fate({app_t, _, {id, _, "oracle"}, _}, ?FATE_ORACLE(Bin)) -> {oracle_pubkey
 from_fate({app_t, _, {id, _, "oracle_query"}, _}, ?FATE_ORACLE_Q(Bin)) -> {oracle_query_id, [], Bin};
 from_fate({con, _, _Name},  ?FATE_CONTRACT(Bin)) -> {contract_pubkey, [], Bin};
 from_fate({bytes_t, _, N},  ?FATE_BYTES(Bin)) when byte_size(Bin) == N -> {bytes, [], Bin};
-from_fate({id, _, "bits"},  ?FATE_BITS(Bin)) -> error({todo, bits, Bin});
-from_fate({id, _, "int"},     N) when is_integer(N) -> {int, [], N};
+from_fate({id, _, "bits"},  ?FATE_BITS(N)) -> make_bits(N);
+from_fate({id, _, "int"},     N) when is_integer(N) ->
+    if N < 0 -> {app, [{format, prefix}], {'-', []}, [{int, [], -N}]};
+       true  -> {int, [], N} end;
 from_fate({id, _, "bool"},    B) when is_boolean(B) -> {bool, [], B};
 from_fate({id, _, "string"}, S) when is_binary(S) -> {string, [], S};
 from_fate({app_t, _, {id, _, "list"}, [Type]}, List) when is_list(List) ->
@@ -105,9 +113,23 @@ from_fate({variant_t, Cons}, {variant, Ar, Tag, Args})
             from_fate(ConType, ArgList);
         _ -> throw(cannot_translate_to_sophia)
     end;
+from_fate({constr_t, _, Con, []}, []) -> Con;
 from_fate({constr_t, _, Con, Types}, Args)
         when length(Types) == length(Args) ->
     {app, [], Con, [ from_fate(Type, Arg)
                      || {Type, Arg} <- lists:zip(Types, Args) ]};
 from_fate(_Type, _Data) ->
     throw(cannot_translate_to_sophia).
+
+
+make_bits(N) ->
+    Id = fun(F) -> {qid, [], ["Bits", F]} end,
+    if N < 0 -> make_bits(Id("clear"), Id("all"), 0, bnot N);
+       true  -> make_bits(Id("set"), Id("none"), 0, N) end.
+
+make_bits(_Set, Zero, _I, 0) -> Zero;
+make_bits(Set, Zero, I, N) when 0 == N rem 2 ->
+    make_bits(Set, Zero, I + 1, N div 2);
+make_bits(Set, Zero, I, N) ->
+    {app, [], Set, [make_bits(Set, Zero, I + 1, N div 2), {int, [], I}]}.
+

src/aesophia.app.src

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, aesophia,
  [{description, "Contract Language for aeternity"},
-  {vsn, "4.0.0-rc3"},
+  {vsn, "4.1.0-rc1"},
   {registered, []},
   {applications,
    [kernel,

test/aeso_abi_tests.erl

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ encode_decode_sophia_test() ->
                                 Other -> Other
                               end end,
     ok = Check("int", "42"),
-    ok = Check("int", "-42"),
+    ok = Check("int", "- 42"),
     ok = Check("bool", "true"),
     ok = Check("bool", "false"),
     ok = Check("string", "\"Hello\""),

test/aeso_calldata_tests.erl

@@ -29,11 +29,10 @@ calldata_test_() ->
                   true -> ast_exprs(ContractString, Fun, Args, [{backend, fate}]);
                   false -> undefined
               end,
-           case FateExprs == undefined orelse AevmExprs == undefined of
-               true -> ok;
-               false ->
-                   ?assertEqual(FateExprs, AevmExprs)
-           end
+           ParsedExprs = parse_args(Fun, Args),
+           [ ?assertEqual(ParsedExprs, AevmExprs) || AevmExprs /= undefined ],
+           [ ?assertEqual(ParsedExprs, FateExprs) || FateExprs /= undefined ],
+           ok
         end} || {ContractName, Fun, Args} <- compilable_contracts()].
 
 calldata_aci_test_() ->
@@ -53,19 +52,34 @@ calldata_aci_test_() ->
                   true -> ast_exprs(ContractACI, Fun, Args, [{backend, fate}]);
                   false -> undefined
               end,
-           case FateExprs == undefined orelse AevmExprs == undefined of
-               true -> ok;
-               false ->
-                   ?assertEqual(FateExprs, AevmExprs)
-           end
+           ParsedExprs = parse_args(Fun, Args),
+           [ ?assertEqual(ParsedExprs, AevmExprs) || AevmExprs /= undefined ],
+           [ ?assertEqual(ParsedExprs, FateExprs) || FateExprs /= undefined ],
+           ok
         end} || {ContractName, Fun, Args} <- compilable_contracts()].
 
+parse_args(Fun, Args) ->
+    [{contract, _, _, [{letfun, _, _, _, _, {app, _, _, AST}}]}] =
+        aeso_parser:string("contract Temp = function foo() = " ++ Fun ++ "(" ++ string:join(Args, ", ") ++ ")"),
+    strip_ann(AST).
+
+strip_ann(T) when is_tuple(T) ->
+    strip_ann1(setelement(2, T, []));
+strip_ann(X) -> strip_ann1(X).
+
+strip_ann1({map, [], KVs}) ->
+    {map, [], [{strip_ann(K), strip_ann(V)} || {K, V} <- KVs]};
+strip_ann1(T) when is_tuple(T) ->
+    list_to_tuple(strip_ann1(tuple_to_list(T)));
+strip_ann1(L) when is_list(L) ->
+    lists:map(fun strip_ann/1, L);
+strip_ann1(X) -> X.
 
 ast_exprs(ContractString, Fun, Args, Opts) ->
     {ok, Data} = (catch aeso_compiler:create_calldata(ContractString, Fun, Args, Opts)),
     {ok, _Types, Exprs} = (catch aeso_compiler:decode_calldata(ContractString, Fun, Data, Opts)),
     ?assert(is_list(Exprs)),
-    Exprs.
+    strip_ann(Exprs).
 
 check_errors(Expect, ErrorString) ->
     %% This removes the final single \n as well.
@@ -85,7 +99,9 @@ compilable_contracts() ->
      {"maps", "init", []},
      {"funargs", "menot", ["false"]},
      {"funargs", "append", ["[\"false\", \" is\", \" not\", \" true\"]"]},
-     %% TODO {"funargs", "bitsum", ["Bits.all"]},
+     {"funargs", "bitsum", ["Bits.all"]},
+     {"funargs", "bitsum", ["Bits.clear(Bits.clear(Bits.all, 4), 2)"]}, %% Order matters for test
+     {"funargs", "bitsum", ["Bits.set(Bits.set(Bits.none, 4), 2)"]},
      {"funargs", "read", ["{label = \"question 1\", result = 4}"]},
      {"funargs", "sjutton", ["#0011012003100011012003100011012003"]},
      {"funargs", "sextiosju", ["#01020304050607080910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940"

test/aeso_compiler_tests.erl

@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@
 
 -include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").
 
+run_test(Test) ->
+    TestFun = list_to_atom(lists:concat([Test, "_test_"])),
+    [ begin
+          io:format("~s\n", [Label]),
+          Fun()
+      end || {Label, Fun} <- ?MODULE:TestFun() ],
+    ok.
+
 %%  Very simply test compile the given contracts. Only basic checks
 %%  are made on the output, just that it is a binary which indicates
 %%  that the compilation worked.
@@ -152,7 +160,8 @@ compilable_contracts() ->
      "manual_stdlib_include",
      "list_comp",
      "payable",
-     "unapplied_builtins"
+     "unapplied_builtins",
+     "underscore_number_literals"
     ].
 
 not_yet_compilable(fate) -> [];
@@ -175,6 +184,8 @@ not_yet_compilable(aevm) -> [].
 -define(PARSE_ERROR(Name, Errs), ?ERROR("Parse", Name, Errs)).
 
 failing_contracts() ->
+    {ok, V} = aeso_compiler:numeric_version(),
+    Version = list_to_binary(string:join([integer_to_list(N) || N <- V], ".")),
     %% Parse errors
     [ ?PARSE_ERROR(field_parse_error,
        [<<?Pos(5, 26)
@@ -301,7 +312,14 @@ failing_contracts() ->
         <<?Pos(54, 5)
           "Let binding at line 54, column 5 must be followed by an expression">>,
         <<?Pos(58, 5)
-          "Let binding at line 58, column 5 must be followed by an expression">>])
+          "Let binding at line 58, column 5 must be followed by an expression">>,
+        <<?Pos(63, 5)
+          "Cannot unify int\n"
+          "         and bool\n"
+          "when checking the type of the expression at line 63, column 5\n"
+          "  id(n) : int\n"
+          "against the expected type\n"
+          "  bool">>])
     , ?TYPE_ERROR(init_type_error,
        [<<?Pos(7, 3)
           "Cannot unify string\n"
@@ -348,19 +366,19 @@ failing_contracts() ->
     , ?TYPE_ERROR(bad_address_literals,
         [<<?Pos(32, 5)
            "The type bytes(32) is not a contract type\n"
-           "when checking that the contract literal at line 32, column 5\n"
+           "when checking that the contract literal\n"
            "  ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ\n"
            "has the type\n"
            "  bytes(32)">>,
          <<?Pos(30, 5)
            "The type oracle(int, bool) is not a contract type\n"
-           "when checking that the contract literal at line 30, column 5\n"
+           "when checking that the contract literal\n"
            "  ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ\n"
            "has the type\n"
            "  oracle(int, bool)">>,
          <<?Pos(28, 5)
            "The type address is not a contract type\n"
-           "when checking that the contract literal at line 28, column 5\n"
+           "when checking that the contract literal\n"
            "  ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ\n"
            "has the type\n"
            "  address">>,
@@ -432,7 +450,13 @@ failing_contracts() ->
            "when checking the type of the expression at line 7, column 5\n"
            "  ak_2gx9MEFxKvY9vMG5YnqnXWv1hCsX7rgnfvBLJS4aQurustR1rt : address\n"
            "against the expected type\n"
-           "  bytes(32)">>])
+           "  bytes(32)">>,
+         <<?Pos(34, 5),
+           "The type address is not a contract type\n"
+           "when checking that the call to\n"
+           "  Address.to_contract\n"
+           "has the type\n"
+           "  address">>])
     , ?TYPE_ERROR(stateful,
        [<<?Pos(13, 35)
           "Cannot reference stateful function Chain.spend (at line 13, column 35)\nin the definition of non-stateful function fail1.">>,
@@ -556,6 +580,21 @@ failing_contracts() ->
             "and result types\n"
             "  - bytes(20)  (at line 18, column 25)\n"
             "  - 'a  (at line 19, column 5)">>])
+    , ?TYPE_ERROR(wrong_compiler_version,
+        [<<?Pos(1, 1)
+           "Cannot compile with this version of the compiler,\n"
+           "because it does not satisfy the constraint ", Version/binary, " < 1.0">>,
+         <<?Pos(2, 1)
+           "Cannot compile with this version of the compiler,\n"
+           "because it does not satisfy the constraint ", Version/binary, " == 9.9.9">>])
+    , ?TYPE_ERROR(multiple_contracts,
+         [<<?Pos(2, 3)
+            "Only the main contract can contain defined functions or entrypoints.\n"
+            "Fix: replace the definition of 'foo' by a type signature.">>])
+    , ?TYPE_ERROR(contract_as_namespace,
+         [<<?Pos(5, 28)
+            "Invalid call to contract entrypoint 'Foo.foo'.\n"
+            "It must be called as 'c.foo' for some c : Foo.">>])
     ].
 
 -define(Path(File), "code_errors/" ??File).
@@ -671,3 +710,44 @@ failing_code_gen_contracts() ->
             "The state cannot contain functions in the AEVM. Use FATE if you need this.")
     ].
 
+validation_test_() ->
+    [{"Validation fail: " ++ C1 ++ " /= " ++ C2,
+      fun() ->
+        Actual = case validate(C1, C2) of
+                    {error, Errs} -> Errs;
+                    ok -> #{}
+                 end,
+        check_errors(Expect, Actual)
+      end} || {C1, C2, Expect} <- validation_fails()] ++
+    [{"Validation of " ++ C,
+      fun() ->
+        ?assertEqual(ok, validate(C, C))
+      end} || C <- compilable_contracts()].
+
+validation_fails() ->
+    [{"deadcode", "nodeadcode",
+      [<<"Data error:\n"
+         "Byte code does not match source code.\n"
+         "- Functions in the source code but not in the byte code:\n"
+         "    .MyList.map2">>]},
+     {"validation_test1", "validation_test2",
+      [<<"Data error:\n"
+         "Byte code does not match source code.\n"
+         "- The implementation of the function code_fail is different.\n"
+         "- The attributes of the function attr_fail differ:\n"
+         "    Byte code:   payable\n"
+         "    Source code: \n"
+         "- The type of the function type_fail differs:\n"
+         "    Byte code:   integer => integer\n"
+         "    Source code: {tvar,0} => {tvar,0}">>]},
+     {"validation_test1", "validation_test3",
+      [<<"Data error:\n"
+         "Byte code contract is not payable, but source code contract is.">>]}].
+
+validate(Contract1, Contract2) ->
+    ByteCode = #{ fate_code := FCode } = compile(fate, Contract1),
+    FCode1   = aeb_fate_code:serialize(aeb_fate_code:strip_init_function(FCode)),
+    Source   = aeso_test_utils:read_contract(Contract2),
+    aeso_compiler:validate_byte_code(ByteCode#{ byte_code := FCode1 }, Source,
+                                     [{backend, fate}, {include, {file_system, [aeso_test_utils:contract_path()]}}]).
+

test/contracts/address_literals.aes

@@ -11,4 +11,6 @@ contract AddressLiterals =
     oq_2oRvyowJuJnEkxy58Ckkw77XfWJrmRgmGaLzhdqb67SKEL1gPY
   entrypoint contr() : Remote =
     ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ
+  entrypoint contr_addr() : Remote =
+    Address.to_contract(addr())
 

test/contracts/bad_address_literals.aes

@@ -30,4 +30,6 @@ contract AddressLiterals =
     ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ
   entrypoint contr3() : bytes(32) =
     ct_Ez6MyeTMm17YnTnDdHTSrzMEBKmy7Uz2sXu347bTDPgVH2ifJ
+  entrypoint contr4() : address =
+    Address.to_contract(Contract.address)
 

test/contracts/basic_auth.aes

@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ contract BasicAuth =
   entrypoint to_sign(h : hash, n : int) =
     Crypto.blake2b((h, n))
 
+  entrypoint weird_string() : string =
+    "\x19Weird String\x42\nMore\n"

test/contracts/contract_as_namespace.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+contract Foo =
+  entrypoint foo : () => int
+
+contract Fail =
+  entrypoint bad() : int = Foo.foo()
+

test/contracts/multiple_contracts.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+contract ContractOne =
+  entrypoint foo() = "foo"
+
+contract ContractTwo =
+  entrypoint bar() = "bar"

test/contracts/type_errors.aes

@@ -57,3 +57,8 @@ contract Test =
     let f() = 0
     let g() = f()
 
+  function id(x : 'a) : 'a = x
+
+  entrypoint wrong_return(n : int) : bool =
+    id(n)
+

test/contracts/underscore_number_literals.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+contract UnderscoreNumberLiterals =
+
+  entrypoint ints() : list(int) =
+    [ 1_999_000_000,
+      19_99_00_00_00,
+      0xfff_FFF_010 ]
+
+  entrypoint bytes() : list(bytes(4)) =
+    [ #abcd_ef_00,
+      #01_02_03_04,
+      #aaaa_FFFF ]
+

test/contracts/validation_test1.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+contract ValidationTest =
+  payable entrypoint attr_fail() = ()
+  entrypoint type_fail(x : int) = x
+  entrypoint code_fail(x) = x + 1

test/contracts/validation_test2.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+contract ValidationTest =
+  entrypoint attr_fail() = ()
+  entrypoint type_fail(x) = x
+  entrypoint code_fail(x) = x - 1

test/contracts/validation_test3.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+payable contract ValidationTest =
+  payable entrypoint attr_fail() = ()
+  entrypoint type_fail(x : int) = x
+  entrypoint code_fail(x) = x + 1

test/contracts/wrong_compiler_version.aes

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+@compiler < 1.0
+@compiler == 9.9.9
+@compiler >= 0.1
+@compiler =< 100.0.1
+
+contract Fail =
+  entrypoint foo() = ()