Merge branch 'master' into quickcheck-ci

Merge ROMA branch to master

.eqc_ci

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{build, "rebar3 as eqc compile"}.
+{test_root, "."}.
+{test_path, "_build/eqc/lib/aesophia/quickcheck"}.   %% here are the properties

.gitignore

@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ _build
 .idea
 *.iml
 rebar3.crashdump
+current_counterexample.eqc
+.qcci
+*.erl~
+*.aes~
+

README.md

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ This is the __sophia__ compiler for the æternity system which compiles contract
 For more information about æternity smart contracts and the sophia language see [Smart Contracts](https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/contracts/contracts.md) and the [Sophia Language](https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/contracts/sophia.md).
 
 It is an OTP application written in Erlang and is by default included in
-[æternity Epoch](https://github.com/aeternity/epoch). However, it can
-also be included in other system to compile contracts coded in sophia which
+[the æternity node](https://github.com/aeternity/epoch). However, it can
+also be included in other systems to compile contracts coded in sophia which
 can then be loaded into the æternity system.
+
+## Interface Modules
+
+The basic modules for interfacing the compiler:
+
+* [aeso_compiler: the Sophia compiler](./docs/aeso_compiler.md)

docs/aeso_compiler.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# aeso_compiler
+
+### Module
+
+### aeso_compiler
+
+The Sophia compiler
+
+### Description
+
+This module provides the interface to the standard Sophia compiler. It
+returns the compiled module in a map which can then be loaded.
+
+### Types
+``` erlang
+contract_string() = string() | binary()
+contract_map() = #{bytecode => binary(),
+                   compiler_version => string(),
+                   contract_souce => string(),
+                   type_info => type_info()}
+type_info()
+errorstring() = binary()
+```
+### Exports
+
+#### file(File)
+#### file(File, Options) -> CompRet
+#### from_string(ContractString, Options) -> CompRet
+
+Types
+
+``` erlang
+ContractString = contract_string()
+Options = [Option]
+CompRet = {ok,ContractMap} | {error,ErrorString}
+ContractMap = contract_map()
+ErrorString = errorstring()
+```
+
+Compile a contract defined in a file or in a string.
+
+The **pp_** options all print to standard output the following:
+
+`pp_sophia_code` - print the input Sophia code.
+
+`pp_ast` - print the AST of the code
+
+`pp_types` - print information about the types
+
+`pp_typed_ast` - print the AST with type information at each node
+
+`pp_icode` - print the internal code structure
+
+`pp_assembler` - print the generated assembler code
+
+`pp_bytecode` - print the bytecode instructions
+
+#### check_call(ContractString, Options) -> CheckRet
+
+Types
+```
+ContractString = string() | binary()
+CheckRet = {ok,string(),{Types,Type | any()},Terms} | {error,Term}
+Types = [Type]
+Type = term()
+```
+Check a call in contract through the `__call` function.
+
+#### sophia_type_to_typerep(String) -> TypeRep
+
+Types
+``` erlang
+ {ok,TypeRep} | {error, badtype}
+```
+
+Get the type representation of a type declaration.
+
+#### version() -> Version
+
+Types
+
+``` erlang
+Version = integer()
+```
+
+Get the current version of the Sophia compiler.

quickcheck/aeso_heap_eqc.erl

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+%%% File        : aeso_heap_eqc.erl
+%%% Author      : Ulf Norell
+%%% Description :
+%%% Created     : 28 May 2018 by Ulf Norell
+-module(aeso_heap_eqc).
+
+-compile([export_all, nowarn_export_all]).
+-include_lib("eqc/include/eqc.hrl").
+
+-define(SANDBOX(Code), sandbox(fun() -> Code end)).
+
+sandbox(Code) ->
+    Parent = self(),
+    Tag    = make_ref(),
+    {Pid, Ref} = spawn_monitor(fun() -> Parent ! {Tag, Code()} end),
+    receive
+        {Tag, Res} -> erlang:demonitor(Ref, [flush]), {ok, Res};
+        {'DOWN', Ref, process, Pid, Reason} -> {error, Reason}
+    after 100 ->
+        exit(Pid, kill),
+        {error, loop}
+    end.
+
+prop_from_binary() ->
+    ?FORALL({T, Bin}, {type(), blob()},
+    begin
+    Tag = fun(X) when is_atom(X) -> X; (X) when is_tuple(X) -> element(1, X) end,
+    case ?SANDBOX(aeso_heap:from_binary(T, Bin)) of
+        {ok, Res} -> collect({Tag(T), element(1, Res)}, true);
+        Err       -> equals(Err, {ok, '_'})
+    end end).
+
+type() -> ?LET(Depth, choose(0, 2), type(Depth, true)).
+type(Depth, TypeRep) ->
+    oneof(
+    [ elements([word, string] ++ [typerep || TypeRep]) ] ++
+    [ ?LETSHRINK([T], [type(Depth - 1, TypeRep)], {list, T})       || Depth > 0 ] ++
+    [ ?LETSHRINK([T], [type(Depth - 1, TypeRep)], {option, T})     || Depth > 0 ] ++
+    [ ?LETSHRINK(Ts,  list(type(Depth - 1, TypeRep)), {tuple, Ts}) || Depth > 0 ] ++
+    [ ?LETSHRINK([K, V], vector(2, type(Depth - 1, TypeRep)), {map, K, V}) || Depth > 0 ] ++
+    []
+    ).
+
+blob() ->
+    ?LET(Blobs, list(oneof([ ?LET(Ws, words(), return(from_words(Ws)))
+                           , binary() ])),
+    return(list_to_binary(Blobs))).
+
+words() -> list(word()).
+word() ->
+    frequency(
+    [ {4, ?LET(N, nat(), 32 * N)}
+    , {1, choose(0, 320)}
+    , {2, -1}
+    , {2, elements(["foo", "zzzzz"])} ]).
+
+from_words(Ws) ->
+    << <<(from_word(W))/binary>> || W <- Ws >>.
+
+from_word(W) when is_integer(W) ->
+    <<W:256>>;
+from_word(S) when is_list(S) ->
+    Len = length(S),
+    Bin = <<(list_to_binary(S))/binary, 0:(32 - Len)/unit:8>>,
+    <<Len:256, Bin/binary>>.
+
+typerep() -> ?LET(Depth, choose(0, 2),
+             ?LET(T, type(Depth, true), return(typerep(T)))).
+
+typerep(word)          -> word;
+typerep(string)        -> string;
+typerep(typerep)       -> typerep;
+typerep({tuple, Ts})   -> {tuple, typerep(Ts)};
+typerep({list, T})     -> {list, typerep(T)};
+typerep({variant, Cs}) -> {variant, typerep(Cs)};
+typerep({option, T})   -> {variant, [[], [typerep(T)]]};
+typerep({map, K, V})   -> {list, typerep({tuple, [K, V]})};
+typerep([])            -> [];
+typerep([T | Ts])      -> [typerep(T) | typerep(Ts)].
+
+value(word) ->
+    <<N:256>> = <<(-1):256>>,
+    choose(0, N);
+value(string) ->
+    ?LET(N, choose(0, 128), binary(N));
+value(typerep) ->
+    typerep();
+value({list, T}) ->
+    list(value(T));
+value({option, T}) ->
+    weighted_default({1, none}, {3, {some, value(T)}});
+value({tuple, Ts}) ->
+    ?LET(Vs, [ value(T) || T <- Ts ], list_to_tuple(Vs));
+value({map, K, V}) ->
+    map(value(K), value(V));
+value({variant, Cs}) ->
+    ?LET(I, choose(0, length(Cs) - 1),
+    {variant, I, [ value(T) || T <- lists:nth(I + 1, Cs) ]}).
+
+typed_val() ->
+    ?LET(T, type(), ?LET(V, value(T), return({T, V}))).
+
+prop_roundtrip() ->
+    ?FORALL(T, type(),
+    ?FORALL(V, value(T),
+    ?FORALL(B, choose(0, 4),
+    equals(aeso_heap:from_binary(T, aeso_heap:to_binary(V, B * 32), B * 32),
+           {ok, V})))).
+

quickcheck/aeso_utils_eqc.erl

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+%%% File        : aeso_utils_eqc.erl
+%%% Author      : Ulf Norell
+%%% Description :
+%%% Created     : 2 Jul 2018 by Ulf Norell
+-module(aeso_utils_eqc).
+
+-compile([export_all, nowarn_export_all]).
+
+-include_lib("eqc/include/eqc.hrl").
+
+%% QuickCheck property
+
+graph() ->
+    ?LET(M, map(choose(0, 10), list(choose(0, 10))),
+    return(complete(M))).
+
+complete(G) ->
+    Is = lists:usort(lists:concat(maps:values(G))),
+    maps:merge(maps:from_list([ {I, []} || I <- Is ]), G).
+
+prop_scc() ->
+    ?FORALL(G, graph(),
+    begin
+        SCCs = aeso_utils:scc(G),
+        BadSCC = fun({acyclic, I}) -> reachable_from(G, I, I);
+                    ({cyclic, Is}) -> [] /= [ {I, J} || I <- Is, J <- Is, not reachable_from(G, I, J) ]
+                 end,
+        ToList = fun({acyclic, I}) -> [I];
+                    ({cyclic, Is}) -> Is end,
+        ?WHENFAIL(eqc:format("SCCs = ~p\n", [SCCs]),
+        conjunction(
+            [ {elems,  equals(lists:sort(lists:flatmap(ToList, SCCs)), lists:sort(maps:keys(G)))}
+            , {sorted, equals([], [ {I, J} || {I, Js} <- maps:to_list(G),
+                                              J <- Js,
+                                              find_component(I, SCCs) < find_component(J, SCCs) ])}
+            , {precise, equals([], [ SCC || SCC <- SCCs, BadSCC(SCC) ])}
+            ]))
+    end).
+
+reachable_from(Graph, I, J) ->
+    reachable_from1(Graph, maps:get(I, Graph, []), J).
+
+reachable_from1(_, [], _) -> false;
+reachable_from1(_, [I | _], I) -> true;
+reachable_from1(Graph, [I | Is], J) ->
+    case maps:get(I, Graph, undefined) of
+        undefined -> reachable_from1(Graph, Is, J);
+        Js        -> reachable_from1(maps:remove(I, Graph), Js ++ Is, J)
+    end.
+
+find_component(X, SCCs) ->
+    ISCCs = lists:zip(SCCs, lists:seq(1, length(SCCs))),
+    HasX  = fun({acyclic, Y}) -> X == Y;
+               ({cyclic, Ys}) -> lists:member(X, Ys) end,
+    case [ I || {SCC, I} <- ISCCs, HasX(SCC) ] of
+        [I | _] -> I;
+        []      -> false
+    end.
+

rebar.config

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 {erl_opts, [debug_info]}.
 
 {deps, [ {aebytecode, {git, "https://github.com/aeternity/aebytecode.git",
-                            {ref,"99bf097"}}}
+                            {ref,"720510a"}}}
        , {getopt, "1.0.1"}
        ]}.
 
+
+{profiles, [ {eqc, [{erl_opts, [{parse_transform, eqc_cover}]},
+                    {deps, [{eqc_ci, "1.0.0"}]},
+                    {extra_src_dirs, ["quickcheck"]}    %% May not be called eqc!
+                   ]}
+           ]}.
+
 {escript_incl_apps, [aesophia, aebytecode, getopt]}.
 {escript_main_app, aesophia}.
 {escript_name, aesophia}.

rebar.lock

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {"1.1.0",
 [{<<"aebytecode">>,
   {git,"https://github.com/aeternity/aebytecode.git",
-       {ref,"99bf097759dedbe7553f87a796bc7e1c7322e64b"}},
+       {ref,"720510a24de32c9bad6486f34ca7babde124bf1e"}},
   0},
  {<<"getopt">>,{pkg,<<"getopt">>,<<"1.0.1">>},0}]}.
 [

src/aeso_ast.erl

@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ line({symbol, Line, _}) -> Line.
 symbol_name({symbol, _, Name}) -> Name.
 
 pp(Ast) ->
-    %% TODO: Actually do *Pretty* printing.
-    io:format("~p~n", [Ast]).
+    %% io:format("Tree:\n~p\n",[Ast]),
+    String = prettypr:format(aeso_pretty:decls(Ast, [])),
+    io:format("Ast:\n~s\n", [String]).
 
 pp_typed(TypedAst) ->
+    %% io:format("Typed tree:\n~p\n",[TypedAst]),
     String = prettypr:format(aeso_pretty:decls(TypedAst, [show_generated])),
-    %%io:format("Typed tree:\n~p\n",[TypedAst]),
-    io:format("Type info:\n~s\n",[String]).
+    io:format("Type ast:\n~s\n",[String]).
 

src/aeso_ast_infer_types.erl

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ global_env() ->
     Event   = {id, Ann, "event"},
     State   = {id, Ann, "state"},
     Hash    = {id, Ann, "hash"},
+    Bits    = {id, Ann, "bits"},
     Oracle  = fun(Q, R) -> {app_t, Ann, {id, Ann, "oracle"}, [Q, R]} end,
     Query   = fun(Q, R) -> {app_t, Ann, {id, Ann, "oracle_query"}, [Q, R]} end,
     Unit    = {tuple_t, Ann, []},
@@ -148,12 +149,29 @@ global_env() ->
      {["Map", "delete"],         Fun([K, Map(K, V)], Map(K, V))},
      {["Map", "member"],         Fun([K, Map(K, V)], Bool)},
      {["Map", "size"],           Fun1(Map(K, V), Int)},
+     %% Crypto/Curve operations
+     {["Crypto", "ecverify"], Fun([Hash, Address, SignId], Bool)},
+     {["Crypto", "sha3"],     Fun1(A, Hash)},
+     {["Crypto", "sha256"],   Fun1(A, Hash)},
+     {["Crypto", "blake2b"],  Fun1(A, Hash)},
      %% Strings
-     {["String", "length"], Fun1(String, Int)},
-     {["String", "concat"], Fun([String, String], String)},
-     {["String", "sha3"], Fun1(String, Int)},
+     {["String", "length"],  Fun1(String, Int)},
+     {["String", "concat"],  Fun([String, String], String)},
+     {["String", "sha3"],    Fun1(String, Hash)},
+     {["String", "sha256"],  Fun1(String, Hash)},
+     {["String", "blake2b"], Fun1(String, Hash)},
+     %% Bits
+     {["Bits", "set"],   Fun([Bits, Int], Bits)},
+     {["Bits", "clear"], Fun([Bits, Int], Bits)},
+     {["Bits", "test"],  Fun([Bits, Int], Bool)},
+     {["Bits", "sum"],   Fun1(Bits, Int)},
+     {["Bits", "intersection"], Fun([Bits, Bits], Bits)},
+     {["Bits", "union"],        Fun([Bits, Bits], Bits)},
+     {["Bits", "difference"],   Fun([Bits, Bits], Bits)},
+     {["Bits", "none"],  Bits},
+     {["Bits", "all"],   Bits},
      %% Conversion
-     {["Int", "to_str"], Fun1(Int, String)},
+     {["Int", "to_str"],     Fun1(Int, String)},
      {["Address", "to_str"], Fun1(Address, String)}
     ].
 
@@ -684,8 +702,7 @@ infer_infix({BoolOp, As})
     {fun_t, As, [], [Bool,Bool], Bool};
 infer_infix({IntOp, As})
   when IntOp == '+';    IntOp == '-';   IntOp == '*';   IntOp == '/';
-       IntOp == '^';    IntOp == 'mod'; IntOp == 'bsl'; IntOp == 'bsr';
-       IntOp == 'band'; IntOp == 'bor'; IntOp == 'bxor' ->
+       IntOp == '^';    IntOp == 'mod' ->
     Int = {id, As, "int"},
     {fun_t, As, [], [Int, Int], Int};
 infer_infix({RelOp, As})
@@ -707,8 +724,7 @@ infer_infix({'++', As}) ->
 infer_prefix({'!',As}) ->
     Bool = {id, As, "bool"},
     {fun_t, As, [], [Bool], Bool};
-infer_prefix({IntOp,As})
-  when IntOp =:= '-'; IntOp =:= 'bnot' ->
+infer_prefix({IntOp,As}) when IntOp =:= '-' ->
     Int = {id, As, "int"},
     {fun_t, As, [], [Int], Int}.
 

src/aeso_ast_to_icode.erl

@@ -316,6 +316,23 @@ ast_body({map, _, Map, [Upd]}, Icode) ->
 ast_body({map, Ann, Map, [Upd | Upds]}, Icode) ->
     ast_body({map, Ann, {map, Ann, Map, [Upd]}, Upds}, Icode);
 
+%% Crypto
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Crypto", "ecverify"], [Msg, PK, Sig], _, _), Icode) ->
+    prim_call(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_ECVERIFY, #integer{value = 0},
+              [ast_body(Msg, Icode), ast_body(PK, Icode), ast_body(Sig, Icode)],
+              [word, word, sign_t()], word);
+
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Crypto", "sha3"], [Term], [Type], _), Icode) ->
+    generic_hash_primop(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_SHA3, Term, Type, Icode);
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Crypto", "sha256"], [Term], [Type], _), Icode) ->
+    generic_hash_primop(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_SHA256, Term, Type, Icode);
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Crypto", "blake2b"], [Term], [Type], _), Icode) ->
+    generic_hash_primop(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_BLAKE2B, Term, Type, Icode);
+ast_body(?qid_app(["String", "sha256"], [String], _, _), Icode) ->
+    string_hash_primop(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_SHA256_STRING, String, Icode);
+ast_body(?qid_app(["String", "blake2b"], [String], _, _), Icode) ->
+    string_hash_primop(?PRIM_CALL_CRYPTO_BLAKE2B_STRING, String, Icode);
+
 %% Strings
 %% -- String length
 ast_body(?qid_app(["String", "length"], [String], _, _), Icode) ->
@@ -331,6 +348,33 @@ ast_body(?qid_app(["String", "concat"], [String1, String2], _, _), Icode) ->
 ast_body(?qid_app(["String", "sha3"], [String], _, _), Icode) ->
     #unop{ op = 'sha3', rand = ast_body(String, Icode) };
 
+%% -- Bits
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Bits", Fun], Args, _, _), Icode)
+        when Fun == "test"; Fun == "set"; Fun == "clear";
+             Fun == "union"; Fun == "intersection"; Fun == "difference" ->
+    C  = fun(N) when is_integer(N) -> #integer{ value = N };
+            (X) -> X end,
+    Bin = fun(O) -> fun(A, B) -> #binop{ op = O, left = C(A), right = C(B) } end end,
+    And = Bin('band'),
+    Or  = Bin('bor'),
+    Bsl = fun(A, B) -> (Bin('bsl'))(B, A) end, %% flipped arguments
+    Bsr = fun(A, B) -> (Bin('bsr'))(B, A) end,
+    Neg = fun(A) -> #unop{ op = 'bnot', rand = C(A) } end,
+    case [Fun | [ ast_body(Arg, Icode) || Arg <- Args ]] of
+        ["test", Bits, Ix]     -> And(Bsr(Bits, Ix), 1);
+        ["set", Bits, Ix]      -> Or(Bits, Bsl(1, Ix));
+        ["clear", Bits, Ix]    -> And(Bits, Neg(Bsl(1, Ix)));
+        ["union", A, B]        -> Or(A, B);
+        ["intersection", A, B] -> And(A, B);
+        ["difference", A, B]   -> And(A, Neg(And(A, B)))
+    end;
+ast_body({qid, _, ["Bits", "none"]}, _Icode) ->
+    #integer{ value = 0 };
+ast_body({qid, _, ["Bits", "all"]}, _Icode) ->
+    #integer{ value = 1 bsl 256 - 1 };
+ast_body(?qid_app(["Bits", "sum"], [Bits], _, _), Icode) ->
+    builtin_call(popcount, [ast_body(Bits, Icode), #integer{ value = 0 }]);
+
 %% -- Conversion
 ast_body(?qid_app(["Int", "to_str"], [Int], _, _), Icode) ->
     builtin_call(int_to_str, [ast_body(Int, Icode)]);
@@ -509,12 +553,6 @@ ast_binop(Op, Ann, {typed, _, A, Type}, B, Icode)
 ast_binop('++', _, A, B, Icode) ->
     #funcall{ function = #var_ref{ name = {builtin, list_concat} },
               args     = [ast_body(A, Icode), ast_body(B, Icode)] };
-ast_binop('bsl', _, A, B, Icode) ->
-    #binop{op = '*', left = ast_body(A, Icode),
-                     right = #binop{op = '^', left = {integer, 2}, right = ast_body(B, Icode)}};
-ast_binop('bsr', _, A, B, Icode) ->
-    #binop{op = 'div', left = ast_body(A, Icode),
-                       right = #binop{op = '^', left = {integer, 2}, right = ast_body(B, Icode)}};
 ast_binop(Op, _, A, B, Icode) ->
     #binop{op = Op, left = ast_body(A, Icode), right = ast_body(B, Icode)}.
 
@@ -593,6 +631,16 @@ prim_call(Prim, Amount, Args, ArgTypes, OutType) ->
                          type_hash= #integer{value = TypeHash}
                        }.
 
+generic_hash_primop(PrimOp, Term, Type, Icode) ->
+    ArgType   = ast_type(Type, Icode),
+    TypeValue = type_value(ArgType),
+    prim_call(PrimOp, #integer{value = 0},
+        [TypeValue, ast_body(Term, Icode)],
+        [typerep, ArgType], word).
+
+string_hash_primop(PrimOp, String, Icode) ->
+    prim_call(PrimOp, #integer{value = 0}, [ast_body(String, Icode)], [string], word).
+
 make_type_def(Args, Def, Icode = #{ type_vars := TypeEnv }) ->
     TVars = [ X || {tvar, _, X} <- Args ],
     fun(Types) ->

src/aeso_builtins.erl

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ builtin_deps1({map_upd, Type})            -> [{map_get, Type}, map_put];
 builtin_deps1({map_upd_default, Type})    -> [{map_lookup_default, Type}, map_put];
 builtin_deps1(map_from_list)              -> [map_put];
 builtin_deps1(str_equal)                  -> [str_equal_p];
-builtin_deps1(string_concat)              -> [string_concat_inner1, string_concat_inner2];
+builtin_deps1(string_concat)              -> [string_concat_inner1, string_copy, string_shift_copy];
 builtin_deps1(int_to_str)                 -> [{baseX_int, 10}];
 builtin_deps1(addr_to_str)                -> [{baseX_int, 58}];
 builtin_deps1({baseX_int, X})             -> [{baseX_int_pad, X}];
@@ -81,8 +81,9 @@ option_some(X) -> {tuple, [{integer, 1}, X]}.
 -define(EXP(A, B), op('^', A, B)).
 -define(AND(A, B), op('&&', A, B)).
 
--define(BSL(X, B), ?MUL(X, ?EXP(2, ?MUL(B, 8)))).
--define(BSR(X, B), ?DIV(X, ?EXP(2, ?MUL(B, 8)))).
+%% Bit shift operations takes their arguments backwards!?
+-define(BSL(X, B), op('bsl', ?MUL(B, 8), X)).
+-define(BSR(X, B), op('bsr', ?MUL(B, 8), X)).
 
 op(Op, A, B) -> {binop, Op, operand(A), operand(B)}.
 
@@ -143,9 +144,11 @@ builtin_function(BF) ->
         string_length              -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_length());
         string_concat              -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_concat());
         string_concat_inner1       -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_concat_inner1());
-        string_concat_inner2       -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_concat_inner2());
+        string_copy                -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_copy());
+        string_shift_copy          -> bfun(BF, builtin_string_shift_copy());
         str_equal_p                -> bfun(BF, builtin_str_equal_p());
         str_equal                  -> bfun(BF, builtin_str_equal());
+        popcount                   -> bfun(BF, builtin_popcount());
         int_to_str                 -> bfun(BF, builtin_int_to_str());
         addr_to_str                -> bfun(BF, builtin_addr_to_str());
         {baseX_int, X}             -> bfun(BF, builtin_baseX_int(X));
@@ -321,14 +324,17 @@ builtin_string_concat() ->
     {[{"s1", string}, {"s2", string}],
      ?DEREF(n1, s1,
      ?DEREF(n2, s2,
-        {ifte, ?EQ(n2, 0),
-            ?V(s1), %% Second string is empty return first string
-            ?LET(ret, {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE)]},
-                {seq, [?ADD(n1, n2), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]}, %% Store total len
-                       ?call(string_concat_inner1, [?V(n1), ?NXT(s1), ?V(n2), ?NXT(s2)]),
-                       {inline_asm, [?A(?POP)]}, %% Discard fun ret val
-                       ?V(ret)                   %% Put the actual return value
-                      ]})}
+        {ifte, ?EQ(n1, 0),
+            ?V(s2), %% First string is empty return second string
+            {ifte, ?EQ(n2, 0),
+                ?V(s1), %% Second string is empty return first string
+                ?LET(ret, {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE)]},
+                    {seq, [?ADD(n1, n2), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]}, %% Store total len
+                           ?call(string_concat_inner1, [?V(n1), ?NXT(s1), ?V(n2), ?NXT(s2)]),
+                           {inline_asm, [?A(?POP)]}, %% Discard fun ret val
+                           ?V(ret)                   %% Put the actual return value
+                          ]})}
+        }
      )),
      word}.
 
@@ -336,33 +342,33 @@ builtin_string_concat_inner1() ->
     %% Copy all whole words from the first string, and set up for word fusion
     %% Special case when the length of the first string is divisible by 32.
     {[{"n1", word}, {"p1", pointer}, {"n2", word}, {"p2", pointer}],
-     ?DEREF(w1, p1,
-        {ifte, ?GT(n1, 32),
-            {seq, [?V(w1), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]},
-                   ?call(string_concat_inner1, [?SUB(n1, 32), ?NXT(p1), ?V(n2), ?V(p2)])]},
-            {ifte, ?EQ(n1, 0),
-                ?call(string_concat_inner2, [?I(32), ?I(0), ?V(n2), ?V(p2)]),
-                ?call(string_concat_inner2, [?SUB(32, n1), ?V(w1), ?V(n2), ?V(p2)])}
+     ?LET(w1, ?call(string_copy, [?V(n1), ?V(p1)]),
+        ?LET(nx, ?MOD(n1, 32),
+        {ifte, ?EQ(nx, 0),
+            ?LET(w2, ?call(string_copy, [?V(n2), ?V(p2)]),
+                {seq, [?V(w2), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE), ?A(?MSIZE)]}]}),
+            ?call(string_shift_copy, [?V(nx), ?V(w1), ?V(n2), ?V(p2)])
+        })),
+     word}.
+
+builtin_string_copy() ->
+    {[{"n", word}, {"p", pointer}],
+     ?DEREF(w, p,
+        {ifte, ?GT(n, 31),
+            {seq, [?V(w), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]},
+                   ?call(string_copy, [?SUB(n, 32), ?NXT(p)])]},
+            ?V(w)
         }),
      word}.
 
-builtin_string_concat_inner2() ->
-    %% Current "work in progess" word 'x', has 'o' bytes that are "free" - fill them from
-    %% words of the second string.
-    {[{"o", word}, {"x", word}, {"n2", word}, {"p2", pointer}],
-     {ifte, ?LT(n2, 1),
-        {seq, [?V(x), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE), ?A(?MSIZE)]}]}, %% Use MSIZE as dummy return value
-        ?DEREF(w2, p2,
-            {ifte, ?GT(n2, o),
-                {seq, [?ADD(x, ?BSR(w2, ?SUB(32, o))),
-                       {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]},
-                       ?call(string_concat_inner2,
-                             [?V(o), ?BSL(w2, o), ?SUB(n2, 32), ?NXT(p2)])
-                      ]},
-                {seq, [?ADD(x, ?BSR(w2, ?SUB(32, o))),
-                       {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE), ?A(?MSIZE)]}]} %% Use MSIZE as dummy return value
-            })
-     },
+builtin_string_shift_copy() ->
+    {[{"off", word}, {"dst", word}, {"n", word}, {"p", pointer}],
+     ?DEREF(w, p,
+        {seq, [?ADD(dst, ?BSR(w, off)), {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE), ?A(?MSTORE)]},
+               {ifte, ?GT(n, ?SUB(32, off)),
+                    ?call(string_shift_copy, [?V(off), ?BSL(w, ?SUB(32, off)), ?SUB(n, 32), ?NXT(p)]),
+                    {inline_asm, [?A(?MSIZE)]}}]
+        }),
      word}.
 
 builtin_str_equal_p() ->
@@ -393,6 +399,17 @@ builtin_str_equal() ->
      )),
      word}.
 
+%% Count the number of 1s in a bit field.
+builtin_popcount() ->
+    %% function popcount(bits, acc) =
+    %%   if (bits == 0) acc
+    %%   else popcount(bits bsr 1, acc + bits band 1)
+    {[{"bits", word}, {"acc", word}],
+     {ifte, ?EQ(bits, 0),
+        ?V(acc),
+        ?call(popcount, [op('bsr', 1, bits), ?ADD(acc, op('band', bits, 1))])
+     }, word}.
+
 builtin_int_to_str() ->
     {[{"i", word}], ?call({baseX_int, 10}, [?V(i)]), word}.
 

src/aeso_compiler.erl

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 -include("aeso_icode.hrl").
 
 
--type option() :: pp_sophia_code | pp_ast | pp_icode | pp_assembler |
-                  pp_bytecode.
+-type option() :: pp_sophia_code | pp_ast | pp_types | pp_typed_ast |
+                  pp_icode| pp_assembler | pp_bytecode.
 -type options() :: [option()].
 
 -export_type([ option/0
@@ -38,34 +38,58 @@
 version() ->
     ?COMPILER_VERSION.
 
--spec file(string()) -> map().
+-spec file(string()) -> {ok, map()} | {error, binary()}.
 file(Filename) ->
     file(Filename, []).
 
--spec file(string(), options()) -> map().
-file(Filename, Options) ->
-    C = read_contract(Filename),
-    from_string(C, Options).
+-spec file(string(), options()) -> {ok, map()} | {error, binary()}.
+file(File, Options) ->
+    case read_contract(File) of
+        {ok, Bin} -> from_string(Bin, Options);
+        {error, Error} ->
+	    ErrorString = [File,": ",file:format_error(Error)],
+	    {error, join_errors("File errors", [ErrorString], fun(E) -> E end)}
+    end.
 
--spec from_string(string(), options()) -> map().
+-spec from_string(binary() | string(), options()) -> {ok, map()} | {error, binary()}.
+from_string(ContractBin, Options) when is_binary(ContractBin) ->
+    from_string(binary_to_list(ContractBin), Options);
 from_string(ContractString, Options) ->
-    Ast = parse(ContractString, Options),
-    ok = pp_sophia_code(Ast, Options),
-    ok = pp_ast(Ast, Options),
-    TypedAst = aeso_ast_infer_types:infer(Ast, Options),
-    %% pp_types is handled inside aeso_ast_infer_types.
-    ok = pp_typed_ast(TypedAst, Options),
-    ICode = to_icode(TypedAst, Options),
-    TypeInfo = extract_type_info(ICode),
-    ok = pp_icode(ICode, Options),
-    Assembler =  assemble(ICode, Options),
-    ok = pp_assembler(Assembler, Options),
-    ByteCodeList = to_bytecode(Assembler, Options),
-    ByteCode = << << B:8 >> || B <- ByteCodeList >>,
-    ok = pp_bytecode(ByteCode, Options),
-    #{byte_code => ByteCode, type_info => TypeInfo,
-      contract_source => ContractString,
-      compiler_version => version()}.
+    try
+        Ast = parse(ContractString, Options),
+        ok = pp_sophia_code(Ast, Options),
+        ok = pp_ast(Ast, Options),
+        TypedAst = aeso_ast_infer_types:infer(Ast, Options),
+        %% pp_types is handled inside aeso_ast_infer_types.
+        ok = pp_typed_ast(TypedAst, Options),
+        ICode = to_icode(TypedAst, Options),
+        TypeInfo = extract_type_info(ICode),
+        ok = pp_icode(ICode, Options),
+        Assembler =  assemble(ICode, Options),
+        ok = pp_assembler(Assembler, Options),
+        ByteCodeList = to_bytecode(Assembler, Options),
+        ByteCode = << << B:8 >> || B <- ByteCodeList >>,
+        ok = pp_bytecode(ByteCode, Options),
+        {ok, #{byte_code => ByteCode,
+               compiler_version => version(),
+               contract_source => ContractString,
+               type_info => TypeInfo
+              }}
+    catch
+        %% The compiler errors.
+        error:{parse_errors, Errors} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Parse errors", Errors, fun(E) -> E end)};
+        error:{type_errors, Errors} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Type errors", Errors, fun(E) -> E end)};
+        error:{code_errors, Errors} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Code errors", Errors,
+                                fun (E) -> io_lib:format("~p", [E]) end)}
+        %% General programming errors in the compiler just signal error.
+    end.
+
+join_errors(Prefix, Errors, Pfun) ->
+    Ess = [ Pfun(E) || E <- Errors ],
+    list_to_binary(string:join([Prefix|Ess], "\n")).
 
 -define(CALL_NAME, "__call").
 
@@ -76,26 +100,36 @@ from_string(ContractString, Options) ->
 -spec check_call(string(), options()) -> {ok, string(), {[Type], Type | any}, [term()]} | {error, term()}
     when Type :: term().
 check_call(ContractString, Options) ->
-    Ast = parse(ContractString, Options),
-    ok = pp_sophia_code(Ast, Options),
-    ok = pp_ast(Ast, Options),
-    TypedAst = aeso_ast_infer_types:infer(Ast, [permissive_address_literals]),
-    {ok, {FunName, {fun_t, _, _, ArgTypes, RetType}}} = get_call_type(TypedAst),
-    ok = pp_typed_ast(TypedAst, Options),
-    Icode = to_icode(TypedAst, Options),
-    ArgVMTypes = [ aeso_ast_to_icode:ast_typerep(T, Icode) || T <- ArgTypes ],
-    RetVMType  = case RetType of
-                    {id, _, "_"} -> any;
-                    _            -> aeso_ast_to_icode:ast_typerep(RetType, Icode)
-                end,
-    ok = pp_icode(Icode, Options),
-    #{ functions := Funs } = Icode,
-    ArgIcode = get_arg_icode(Funs),
-    try [ icode_to_term(T, Arg) || {T, Arg} <- lists:zip(ArgVMTypes, ArgIcode) ] of
-        ArgTerms ->
-            {ok, FunName, {ArgVMTypes, RetVMType}, ArgTerms}
-    catch throw:Err ->
-        {error, Err}
+    try
+        Ast = parse(ContractString, Options),
+        ok = pp_sophia_code(Ast, Options),
+        ok = pp_ast(Ast, Options),
+        TypedAst = aeso_ast_infer_types:infer(Ast, [permissive_address_literals]),
+        {ok, {FunName, {fun_t, _, _, ArgTypes, RetType}}} = get_call_type(TypedAst),
+        ok = pp_typed_ast(TypedAst, Options),
+        Icode = to_icode(TypedAst, Options),
+        ArgVMTypes = [ aeso_ast_to_icode:ast_typerep(T, Icode) || T <- ArgTypes ],
+        RetVMType  = case RetType of
+                         {id, _, "_"} -> any;
+                         _            -> aeso_ast_to_icode:ast_typerep(RetType, Icode)
+                     end,
+        ok = pp_icode(Icode, Options),
+        #{ functions := Funs } = Icode,
+        ArgIcode = get_arg_icode(Funs),
+        ArgTerms = [ icode_to_term(T, Arg) ||
+                       {T, Arg} <- lists:zip(ArgVMTypes, ArgIcode) ],
+        {ok, FunName, {ArgVMTypes, RetVMType}, ArgTerms}
+    catch
+        error:{parse_errors, Errors} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Parse errors", Errors, fun (E) -> E end)};
+        error:{type_errors, Errors} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Type errors", Errors, fun (E) -> E end)};
+        error:{badmatch, {error, missing_call_function}} ->
+            {error, join_errors("Type errors", ["missing __call function"],
+                                fun (E) -> E end)};
+        throw:Error ->                          %Don't ask
+            {error, join_errors("Code errors", [Error],
+                                fun (E) -> io_lib:format("~p", [E]) end)}
     end.
 
 -spec create_calldata(map(), string(), string()) ->
@@ -113,7 +147,7 @@ create_calldata(Contract, Function, Argument) when is_map(Contract) ->
     %% Function should be "foo : type", and
     %% Argument should be "Arg1, Arg2, .., ArgN" (no parens)
     case string:lexemes(Function, ": ") of
-                     %% If function is a single word fallback to old calldata generation
+        %% If function is a single word fallback to old calldata generation
         [FunName] -> aeso_abi:old_create_calldata(Contract, FunName, Argument);
         [FunName | _] ->
             Args    = lists:map(fun($\n) -> 32; (X) -> X end, Argument),    %% newline to space
@@ -247,11 +281,9 @@ parse_string(Text) ->
             parse_error(Pos, ErrorString)
     end.
 
-parse_error({Line,Pos}, ErrorString) ->
-    Error = io_lib:format("line ~p, column ~p: ~s", [Line,Pos,ErrorString]),
-    error({parse_errors,[Error]}).
+parse_error({Line, Pos}, ErrorString) ->
+    Error = io_lib:format("line ~p, column ~p: ~s", [Line, Pos, ErrorString]),
+    error({parse_errors, [Error]}).
 
 read_contract(Name) ->
-    {ok, Bin} = file:read_file(Name),
-    binary_to_list(Bin).
-
+    file:read_file(Name).

src/aeso_icode.erl

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ builtin_types() ->
     Word = fun([]) -> word end,
     #{ "bool"         => Word
      , "int"          => Word
+     , "bits"         => Word
      , "string"       => fun([]) -> string end
      , "address"      => Word
      , "hash"         => Word

src/aeso_icode_to_asm.erl

@@ -562,6 +562,8 @@ assemble_infix('^')    -> i(?EXP);
 assemble_infix('bor')  -> i(?OR);
 assemble_infix('band') -> i(?AND);
 assemble_infix('bxor') -> i(?XOR);
+assemble_infix('bsl')  -> i(?SHL);
+assemble_infix('bsr')  -> i(?SHR);
 assemble_infix('<')    -> i(?SLT);    %% comparisons are SIGNED
 assemble_infix('>')    -> i(?SGT);
 assemble_infix('==')   -> i(?EQ);

src/aeso_parser.erl

@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ expr200() -> infixr(expr300(), binop('||')).
 expr300() -> infixr(expr400(), binop('&&')).
 expr400() -> infix(expr500(),  binop(['<', '>', '=<', '>=', '==', '!='])).
 expr500() -> infixr(expr600(), binop(['::', '++'])).
-expr600() -> infixl(expr650(), binop(['+', '-', 'bor', 'bxor', 'bsr', 'bsl'])).
+expr600() -> infixl(expr650(), binop(['+', '-'])).
 expr650() -> ?RULE(many(token('-')), expr700(), prefixes(_1, _2)).
-expr700() -> infixl(expr750(), binop(['*', '/', mod, 'band'])).
+expr700() -> infixl(expr750(), binop(['*', '/', mod])).
 expr750() -> infixl(expr800(), binop(['^'])).
-expr800() -> ?RULE(many(choice(token('!'), token('bnot'))), expr900(), prefixes(_1, _2)).
+expr800() -> ?RULE(many(token('!')), expr900(), prefixes(_1, _2)).
 expr900() -> ?RULE(exprAtom(), many(elim()), elim(_1, _2)).
 
 exprAtom() ->

src/aeso_pretty.erl

@@ -359,20 +359,14 @@ bin_prec('++')   -> {500, 600, 500};
 bin_prec('::')   -> {500, 600, 500};
 bin_prec('+')    -> {600, 600, 650};
 bin_prec('-')    -> {600, 600, 650};
-bin_prec('bor')  -> {600, 600, 650};
-bin_prec('bxor') -> {600, 600, 650};
-bin_prec('bsl')  -> {600, 600, 650};
-bin_prec('bsr')  -> {600, 600, 650};
 bin_prec('*')    -> {700, 700, 750};
 bin_prec('/')    -> {700, 700, 750};
 bin_prec(mod)    -> {700, 700, 750};
-bin_prec('band') -> {700, 700, 750};
 bin_prec('^')    -> {750, 750, 800}.
 
 -spec un_prec(aeso_syntax:un_op()) -> {integer(), integer()}.
 un_prec('-')    -> {650, 650};
-un_prec('!')    -> {800, 800};
-un_prec('bnot') -> {800, 800}.
+un_prec('!')    -> {800, 800}.
 
 equals(Ann, A, B) ->
     {app, [{format, infix} | Ann], {'=', Ann}, [A, B]}.

src/aeso_scan.erl

@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ lexer() ->
         , {"[^/*]+|[/*]", skip()} ],
 
     Keywords = ["contract", "import", "let", "rec", "switch", "type", "record", "datatype", "if", "elif", "else", "function",
-                "stateful", "true", "false", "and", "mod", "public", "private", "indexed", "internal",
-                "band", "bor", "bxor", "bsl", "bsr", "bnot"],
+                "stateful", "true", "false", "and", "mod", "public", "private", "indexed", "internal"],
     KW = string:join(Keywords, "|"),
 
     Rules =

src/aeso_syntax.erl

@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@
 
 -type op() :: bin_op() | un_op().
 
--type bin_op() :: '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | mod | '^' | 'band' | 'bor' | 'bsl' | 'bsr' | 'bxor'
+-type bin_op() :: '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | mod | '^'
                 | '++' | '::' | '<' | '>' | '=<' | '>=' | '==' | '!='
                 | '||' | '&&' | '..'.
--type un_op() :: '-' | '!' | 'bnot'.
+-type un_op() :: '-' | '!'.
 
 -type expr()
     :: {lam, ann(), [arg()], expr()}

test/aeso_compiler_tests.erl

@@ -28,13 +28,15 @@ simple_compile_test_() ->
         end} || ContractName <- compilable_contracts() ] ++
      [ {"Testing error messages of " ++ ContractName,
         fun() ->
-            {type_errors, Errors} = compile(ContractName),
-            check_errors(lists:sort(ExpectedErrors), lists:sort(Errors))
+            <<"Type errors\n",ErrorString/binary>> = compile(ContractName),
+            check_errors(lists:sort(ExpectedErrors), ErrorString)
         end} ||
             {ContractName, ExpectedErrors} <- failing_contracts() ]
     }.
 
-check_errors(Expect, Actual) ->
+check_errors(Expect, ErrorString) ->
+    %% This removes the final single \n as well.
+    Actual = binary:split(<<ErrorString/binary,$\n>>, <<"\n\n">>, [global,trim]),
     case {Expect -- Actual, Actual -- Expect} of
         {[], Extra}   -> ?assertMatch({unexpected, []}, {unexpected, Extra});
         {Missing, []} -> ?assertMatch({missing, []}, {missing, Missing});
@@ -42,10 +44,10 @@ check_errors(Expect, Actual) ->
     end.
 
 compile(Name) ->
-    try
-        aeso_compiler:from_string(aeso_test_utils:read_contract(Name), [])
-    catch _:{type_errors, _} = E ->
-        E
+    String = aeso_test_utils:read_contract(Name),
+    case aeso_compiler:from_string(String, []) of
+        {ok,Map} -> Map;
+        {error,ErrorString} -> ErrorString
     end.
 
 %% compilable_contracts() -> [ContractName].
@@ -75,82 +77,94 @@ compilable_contracts() ->
 
 failing_contracts() ->
     [ {"name_clash",
-        ["Duplicate definitions of abort at\n  - (builtin location)\n  - line 14, column 3\n",
-         "Duplicate definitions of double_def at\n  - line 10, column 3\n  - line 11, column 3\n",
-         "Duplicate definitions of double_proto at\n  - line 4, column 3\n  - line 5, column 3\n",
-         "Duplicate definitions of proto_and_def at\n  - line 7, column 3\n  - line 8, column 3\n",
-         "Duplicate definitions of put at\n  - (builtin location)\n  - line 15, column 3\n",
-         "Duplicate definitions of state at\n  - (builtin location)\n  - line 16, column 3\n"]}
+       [<<"Duplicate definitions of abort at\n"
+          "  - (builtin location)\n"
+          "  - line 14, column 3">>,
+        <<"Duplicate definitions of double_def at\n"
+          "  - line 10, column 3\n"
+          "  - line 11, column 3">>,
+        <<"Duplicate definitions of double_proto at\n"
+          "  - line 4, column 3\n"
+          "  - line 5, column 3">>,
+        <<"Duplicate definitions of proto_and_def at\n"
+          "  - line 7, column 3\n"
+          "  - line 8, column 3">>,
+        <<"Duplicate definitions of put at\n"
+          "  - (builtin location)\n"
+          "  - line 15, column 3">>,
+        <<"Duplicate definitions of state at\n"
+          "  - (builtin location)\n"
+          "  - line 16, column 3">>]}
     , {"type_errors",
-        ["Unbound variable zz at line 17, column 21\n",
-         "Cannot unify int\n"
-         "         and list(int)\n"
-         "when checking the application at line 26, column 9 of\n"
-         "  (::) : (int, list(int)) => list(int)\n"
-         "to arguments\n"
-         "  x : int\n"
-         "  x : int\n",
-         "Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and int\n"
-         "when checking the assignment of the field\n"
-         "  x : map(string, string) (at line 9, column 46)\n"
-         "to the old value __x and the new value\n"
-         "  __x {[\"foo\"] @ x = x + 1} : map(string, int)\n",
-         "Cannot unify int\n"
-         "         and string\n"
-         "when checking the type of the expression at line 34, column 45\n"
-         "  1 : int\n"
-         "against the expected type\n"
-         "  string\n",
-         "Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and int\n"
-         "when checking the type of the expression at line 34, column 50\n"
-         "  \"bla\" : string\n"
-         "against the expected type\n"
-         "  int\n",
-         "Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and int\n"
-         "when checking the type of the expression at line 32, column 18\n"
-         "  \"x\" : string\n"
-         "against the expected type\n"
-         "  int\n",
-         "Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and int\n"
-         "when checking the type of the expression at line 11, column 56\n"
-         "  \"foo\" : string\n"
-         "against the expected type\n"
-         "  int\n",
-         "Cannot unify int\n"
-         "         and string\n"
-         "when comparing the types of the if-branches\n"
-         "  - w : int (at line 38, column 13)\n"
-         "  - z : string (at line 39, column 10)\n",
-         "Not a record type: string\n"
-         "arising from the projection of the field y (at line 22, column 38)\n",
-         "Not a record type: string\n"
-         "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 21, column 42)\n",
-         "Not a record type: string\n"
-         "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 20, column 38)\n",
-         "Not a record type: string\n"
-         "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 19, column 35)\n",
-         "Ambiguous record type with field y (at line 13, column 25) could be one of\n"
-         "  - r (at line 4, column 10)\n"
-         "  - r' (at line 5, column 10)\n",
-         "Record type r2 does not have field y (at line 15, column 22)\n",
-         "The field z is missing when constructing an element of type r2 (at line 15, column 24)\n",
-         "Repeated name x in pattern\n"
-         "  x :: x (at line 26, column 7)\n",
-         "No record type with fields y, z (at line 14, column 22)\n"]}
+       [<<"Unbound variable zz at line 17, column 21">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify int\n"
+          "         and list(int)\n"
+          "when checking the application at line 26, column 9 of\n"
+          "  (::) : (int, list(int)) => list(int)\n"
+          "to arguments\n"
+          "  x : int\n"
+          "  x : int">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and int\n"
+          "when checking the assignment of the field\n"
+          "  x : map(string, string) (at line 9, column 46)\n"
+          "to the old value __x and the new value\n"
+          "  __x {[\"foo\"] @ x = x + 1} : map(string, int)">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify int\n"
+          "         and string\n"
+          "when checking the type of the expression at line 34, column 45\n"
+          "  1 : int\n"
+          "against the expected type\n"
+          "  string">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and int\n"
+          "when checking the type of the expression at line 34, column 50\n"
+          "  \"bla\" : string\n"
+          "against the expected type\n"
+          "  int">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and int\n"
+          "when checking the type of the expression at line 32, column 18\n"
+          "  \"x\" : string\n"
+          "against the expected type\n"
+          "  int">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and int\n"
+          "when checking the type of the expression at line 11, column 56\n"
+          "  \"foo\" : string\n"
+          "against the expected type\n"
+          "  int">>,
+        <<"Cannot unify int\n"
+          "         and string\n"
+          "when comparing the types of the if-branches\n"
+          "  - w : int (at line 38, column 13)\n"
+          "  - z : string (at line 39, column 10)">>,
+        <<"Not a record type: string\n"
+          "arising from the projection of the field y (at line 22, column 38)">>,
+        <<"Not a record type: string\n"
+          "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 21, column 42)">>,
+        <<"Not a record type: string\n"
+          "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 20, column 38)">>,
+        <<"Not a record type: string\n"
+          "arising from an assignment of the field y (at line 19, column 35)">>,
+        <<"Ambiguous record type with field y (at line 13, column 25) could be one of\n"
+          "  - r (at line 4, column 10)\n"
+          "  - r' (at line 5, column 10)">>,
+        <<"Record type r2 does not have field y (at line 15, column 22)">>,
+        <<"The field z is missing when constructing an element of type r2 (at line 15, column 24)">>,
+        <<"Repeated name x in pattern\n"
+          "  x :: x (at line 26, column 7)">>,
+        <<"No record type with fields y, z (at line 14, column 22)">>]}
     , {"init_type_error",
-        ["Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and map(int, int)\n"
-         "when checking that 'init' returns a value of type 'state' at line 7, column 3\n"]}
+       [<<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and map(int, int)\n"
+          "when checking that 'init' returns a value of type 'state' at line 7, column 3">>]}
     , {"missing_state_type",
-        ["Cannot unify string\n"
-         "         and ()\n"
-         "when checking that 'init' returns a value of type 'state' at line 5, column 3\n"]}
+       [<<"Cannot unify string\n"
+          "         and ()\n"
+          "when checking that 'init' returns a value of type 'state' at line 5, column 3">>]}
     , {"missing_fields_in_record_expression",
-        ["The field x is missing when constructing an element of type r('a) (at line 7, column 40)\n",
-         "The field y is missing when constructing an element of type r(int) (at line 8, column 40)\n",
-         "The fields y, z are missing when constructing an element of type r('1) (at line 6, column 40)\n"]}
+       [<<"The field x is missing when constructing an element of type r('a) (at line 7, column 40)">>,
+        <<"The field y is missing when constructing an element of type r(int) (at line 8, column 40)">>,
+        <<"The fields y, z are missing when constructing an element of type r('1) (at line 6, column 40)">>]}
     ].

test/contracts/all_syntax.aes

@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ contract AllSyntax =
       (x, [y, z]) => bar({x = z, y = -y + - -z * (-1)})
       (x, y :: _) => ()
 
-  function bitOperations(x, y) = bnot (0xff00 band x bsl 4 bxor 0xa5a5a5 bsr 4 bor y)
-
   function mutual() =
     let rec recFun(x : int) = mutFun(x)
         and mutFun(x) = if(x =< 0) 1 else x * recFun(x - 1)

test/contracts/multi_sig.aes

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 contract MultiSig =
 
-    record pending_state = { yetNeeded : uint, ownersDone : uint, index : uint }
+    record pending_state = { yetNeeded : int, ownersDone : bits, index : int }
 
     datatype event =
         Confirmation (address, hash)    // of { .owner : Address, .operation : Hash }
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ contract MultiSig =
       | OwnerChanged (address, address) // of { .oldOwner : Address, .newOwner : Address }
       | OwnerAdded   (address)          // of { .newOwner : Address }
       | OwnerRemoved (address)          // of { .removedOwner : Address }
-      | ReqChanged   (uint)             // of { .newReq : uint }
+      | ReqChanged   (int)             // of { .newReq : int }
 
-    let maxOwners : uint = 250
+    let maxOwners : int = 250
 
-    record state = { nRequired    : uint
-                 , nOwners      : uint
-                 , owners       : map(uint, address)
-                 , ownerIndex   : map(address, uint)
+    record state = { nRequired    : int
+                 , nOwners      : int
+                 , owners       : map(int, address)
+                 , ownerIndex   : map(address, int)
                  , pending      : map(hash, pending_state)
                  , pendingIndex : list(address) }
 
-    function init (owners : list(address), nRequired : uint) : state =
+    function init (owners : list(address), nRequired : int) : state =
       let n = length(owners) + 1
       { nRequired  = nRequired,
         nOwners    = n,
@@ -39,10 +39,9 @@ contract MultiSig =
     function revoke(operation : hash) =
       let ownerIx = lookup(state.ownerIndex, caller())
       let pending = lookup(state.pendingIndex, operation)
-      let ownerIxBit = 1 bsl (ownerIx - 1)
-      let _ = require(pending.ownersDone band ownerIxBit > 0)
+      let _ = require(Bits.test(pending.ownersDone, ownerIx))
       let pending' = pending { yetNeeded  = pending.yetNeeded + 1
-                             , ownersDone = pending.ownersDone - ownerIxBit }
+                             , ownersDone = Bits.clear(pending.ownersDone, ownerIx - 1) }
       put(state{ pendingIndex.operator = pending' })
       event(Revoke(caller, operation))
 
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ contract MultiSig =
                              , pendingIx = [] },
               event = [OwnerRemoved(oldOwner)] }
 
-    function changeRequirement(newReq : uint) =
+    function changeRequirement(newReq : int) =
       let _ = require(newReq =< state.nOwners)
       switch(check_pending(callhash()))
         CheckFail(state') => { state = state' }
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ contract MultiSig =
             event = [ReqChanged(newReq)] }
 
 
-    function getOwner(ownerIx0 : uint) =
+    function getOwner(ownerIx0 : int) =
       lookup(state.owners, ownerIx0 + 1)
 
     function isOwner(owner : address) =
@@ -116,8 +115,7 @@ contract MultiSig =
         Some(pending) =>
           let _ = require(isOwner(owner))
           let ownerIx = lookup(state.ownerIndex, owner)
-          let ownerIxBit = 1 bsl (ownerIx - 1)
-          (pending.ownersDone band ownerIxBit) != 0
+          Bits.test(pending.ownersDone, ownerIx - 1)
 
     /* Leave the rest for now... */
 

test/contracts/operators.aes

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 // - + * / mod 	arithmetic operators
-// bnot band bor bxor bsl bsr 	bitwise operators
 // ! && || 	logical operators
 // == != < > =< >= 	comparison operators
 // :: ++ 	list operators
@@ -13,12 +12,6 @@ contract Operators =
       "/"    => a / b
       "mod"  => a mod b
       "^"    => a ^ b
-      "bnot" => bnot a
-      "band" => a band b
-      "bor"  => a bor b
-      "bxor" => a bxor b
-      "bsl"  => a bsl b
-      "bsr"  => a bsr b
 
   function bool_op(a : bool, b : bool, op : string) =
     switch(op)