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æternity Sophia Language
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<h1 id="syntax">Syntax</h1>
<h2 id="lexical-syntax">Lexical syntax</h2>
<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
<p>Single line comments start with <code>//</code> and block comments are enclosed in <code>/*</code>
and <code>*/</code> and can be nested.</p>
<h3 id="keywords">Keywords</h3>
<p><code>contract elif else entrypoint false function if import include let mod namespace
private payable stateful switch true type record datatype main interface</code></p>
<h3 id="tokens">Tokens</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>Id = [a-z_][A-Za-z0-9_']*</code> identifiers start with a lower case letter.</li>
<li><code>Con = [A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_']*</code> constructors start with an upper case letter.</li>
<li><code>QId = (Con\.)+Id</code> qualified identifiers (e.g. <code>Map.member</code>)</li>
<li><code>QCon = (Con\.)+Con</code> qualified constructor</li>
<li><code>TVar = 'Id</code> type variable (e.g <code>'a</code>, <code>'b</code>)</li>
<li><code>Int = [0-9]+(_[0-9]+)*|0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+(_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*</code> integer literal with optional <code>_</code> separators</li>
<li><code>Bytes = #[0-9A-Fa-f]+(_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*</code> byte array literal with optional <code>_</code> separators</li>
<li><code>String</code> string literal enclosed in <code>"</code> with escape character <code>\</code></li>
<li><code>Char</code> character literal enclosed in <code>'</code> with escape character <code>\</code></li>
<li><code>AccountAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte account pubkey with <code>ak_</code> prefix</li>
<li><code>ContractAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte contract address with <code>ct_</code> prefix</li>
<li><code>OracleAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte oracle address with <code>ok_</code> prefix</li>
<li><code>OracleQueryId</code> base58-encoded 32 byte oracle query id with <code>oq_</code> prefix</li>
</ul>
<p>Valid string escape codes are</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Escape</th>
<th>ASCII</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>\b</code></td>
<td>8</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\t</code></td>
<td>9</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\n</code></td>
<td>10</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\v</code></td>
<td>11</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\f</code></td>
<td>12</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\r</code></td>
<td>13</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\e</code></td>
<td>27</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\xHexDigits</code></td>
<td><em>HexDigits</em></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See the <a href="https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/node/api/api_encoding.md">identifier encoding scheme</a> for the
details on the base58 literals.</p>
<h2 id="layout-blocks">Layout blocks</h2>
<p>Sophia uses Python-style layout rules to group declarations and statements. A
layout block with more than one element must start on a separate line and be
indented more than the currently enclosing layout block. Blocks with a single
element can be written on the same line as the previous token.</p>
<p>Each element of the block must share the same indentation and no part of an
element may be indented less than the indentation of the block. For instance</p>
<p><code>sophia
contract Layout =
function foo() = 0 // no layout
function bar() = // layout block starts on next line
let x = foo() // indented more than 2 spaces
x
+ 1 // the '+' is indented more than the 'x'</code></p>
<h2 id="notation">Notation</h2>
<p>In describing the syntax below, we use the following conventions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Upper-case identifiers denote non-terminals (like <code>Expr</code>) or terminals with
some associated value (like <code>Id</code>).</li>
<li>Keywords and symbols are enclosed in single quotes: <code>'let'</code> or <code>'='</code>.</li>
<li>Choices are separated by vertical bars: <code>|</code>.</li>
<li>Optional elements are enclosed in <code>[</code> square brackets <code>]</code>.</li>
<li><code>(</code> Parentheses <code>)</code> are used for grouping.</li>
<li>Zero or more repetitions are denoted by a postfix <code>*</code>, and one or more
repetitions by a <code>+</code>.</li>
<li><code>Block(X)</code> denotes a layout block of <code>X</code>s.</li>
<li><code>Sep(X, S)</code> is short for <code>[X (S X)*]</code>, i.e. a possibly empty sequence of <code>X</code>s
separated by <code>S</code>s.</li>
<li><code>Sep1(X, S)</code> is short for <code>X (S X)*</code>, i.e. same as <code>Sep</code>, but must not be empty.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="declarations">Declarations</h2>
<p>A Sophia file consists of a sequence of <em>declarations</em> in a layout block.</p>
<p>```c
File ::= Block(TopDecl)</p>
<p>TopDecl ::= ['payable'] 'contract' Con '=' Block(Decl)
| 'namespace' Con '=' Block(Decl)
| '@compiler' PragmaOp Version
| 'include' String</p>
<p>Decl ::= 'type' Id ['(' TVar<em> ')'] '=' TypeAlias
| 'record' Id ['(' TVar</em> ')'] '=' RecordType
| 'datatype' Id ['(' TVar<em> ')'] '=' DataType
| (EModifier</em> 'entrypoint' | FModifier* 'function') Block(FunDecl)</p>
<p>FunDecl ::= Id ':' Type // Type signature
| Id Args [':' Type] '=' Block(Stmt) // Definition</p>
<p>PragmaOp ::= '&lt;' | '=&lt;' | '==' | '&gt;=' | '&gt;'
Version ::= Sep1(Int, '.')</p>
<p>EModifier ::= 'payable' | 'stateful'
FModifier ::= 'stateful' | 'private'</p>
<p>Args ::= '(' Sep(Pattern, ',') ')'
```</p>
<p>Contract declarations must appear at the top-level.</p>
<p>For example,
<code>sophia
contract Test =
type t = int
entrypoint add (x : t, y : t) = x + y</code></p>
<p>There are three forms of type declarations: type aliases (declared with the
<code>type</code> keyword), record type definitions (<code>record</code>) and data type definitions
(<code>datatype</code>):</p>
<p>```c
TypeAlias ::= Type
RecordType ::= '{' Sep(FieldType, ',') '}'
DataType ::= Sep1(ConDecl, '|')</p>
<p>FieldType ::= Id ':' Type
ConDecl ::= Con ['(' Sep1(Type, ',') ')']
```</p>
<p>For example,
<code>sophia
record point('a) = {x : 'a, y : 'a}
datatype shape('a) = Circle(point('a), 'a) | Rect(point('a), point('a))
type int_shape = shape(int)</code></p>
<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
<p>```c
Type ::= Domain '=&gt;' Type // Function type
| Type '(' Sep(Type, ',') ')' // Type application
| '(' Type ')' // Parens
| 'unit' | Sep(Type, '*') // Tuples
| Id | QId | TVar</p>
<p>Domain ::= Type // Single argument
| '(' Sep(Type, ',') ')' // Multiple arguments
```</p>
<p>The function type arrow associates to the right.</p>
<p>Example,
<code>sophia
'a =&gt; list('a) =&gt; (int * list('a))</code></p>
<h2 id="statements">Statements</h2>
<p>Function bodies are blocks of <em>statements</em>, where a statement is one of the following</p>
<p>```c
Stmt ::= 'switch' '(' Expr ')' Block(Case)
| 'if' '(' Expr ')' Block(Stmt)
| 'elif' '(' Expr ')' Block(Stmt)
| 'else' Block(Stmt)
| 'let' LetDef
| Expr</p>
<p>LetDef ::= Id Args [':' Type] '=' Block(Stmt) // Function definition
| Pattern '=' Block(Stmt) // Value definition</p>
<p>Case ::= Pattern '=&gt;' Block(Stmt)
Pattern ::= Expr
```</p>
<p><code>if</code> statements can be followed by zero or more <code>elif</code> statements and an optional final <code>else</code> statement. For example,</p>
<p><code>sophia
let x : int = 4
switch(f(x))
None =&gt; 0
Some(y) =&gt;
if(y &gt; 10)
"too big"
elif(y &lt; 3)
"too small"
else
"just right"</code></p>
<h2 id="expressions">Expressions</h2>
<p>```c
Expr ::= '(' LamArgs ')' '=&gt;' Block(Stmt) // Anonymous function (x) =&gt; x + 1
| '(' BinOp ')' // Operator lambda (+)
| 'if' '(' Expr ')' Expr 'else' Expr // If expression if(x &lt; y) y else x
| Expr ':' Type // Type annotation 5 : int
| Expr BinOp Expr // Binary operator x + y
| UnOp Expr // Unary operator ! b
| Expr '(' Sep(Expr, ',') ')' // Application f(x, y)
| Expr '.' Id // Projection state.x
| Expr '[' Expr ']' // Map lookup map[key]
| Expr '{' Sep(FieldUpdate, ',') '}' // Record or map update r{ fld[key].x = y }
| '[' Sep(Expr, ',') ']' // List [1, 2, 3]
| '[' Expr '|' Sep(Generator, ',') ']'
// List comprehension [k | x &lt;- [1], if (f(x)), let k = x+1]
| '[' Expr '..' Expr ']' // List range [1..n]
| '{' Sep(FieldUpdate, ',') '}' // Record or map value {x = 0, y = 1}, {[key] = val}
| '(' Expr ')' // Parens (1 + 2) * 3
| Id | Con | QId | QCon // Identifiers x, None, Map.member, AELib.Token
| Int | Bytes | String | Char // Literals 123, 0xff, #00abc123, "foo", '%'
| AccountAddress | ContractAddress // Chain identifiers
| OracleAddress | OracleQueryId // Chain identifiers</p>
<p>Generator ::= Pattern '&lt;-' Expr // Generator
| 'if' '(' Expr ')' // Guard
| LetDef // Definition</p>
<p>LamArgs ::= '(' Sep(LamArg, ',') ')'
LamArg ::= Id [':' Type]</p>
<p>FieldUpdate ::= Path '=' Expr
Path ::= Id // Record field
| '[' Expr ']' // Map key
| Path '.' Id // Nested record field
| Path '[' Expr ']' // Nested map key</p>
<p>BinOp ::= '||' | '&amp;&amp;' | '&lt;' | '&gt;' | '=&lt;' | '&gt;=' | '==' | '!='
| '::' | '++' | '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | 'mod' | '^'
| '|&gt;'
UnOp ::= '-' | '!'
```</p>
<h2 id="operators-types">Operators types</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operators</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-</code> <code>+</code> <code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>mod</code> <code>^</code></td>
<td>arithmetic operators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>!</code> <code>&amp;&amp;</code> <code>\|\|</code></td>
<td>logical operators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>==</code> <code>!=</code> <code>&lt;</code> <code>&gt;</code> <code>=&lt;</code> <code>&gt;=</code></td>
<td>comparison operators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>::</code> <code>++</code></td>
<td>list operators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\|&gt;</code></td>
<td>functional operators</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="operator-precendences">Operator precendences</h2>
<p>In order of highest to lowest precedence.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operators</th>
<th>Associativity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>!</code></td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>^</code></td>
<td>left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>mod</code></td>
<td>left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-</code> (unary)</td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>+</code> <code>-</code></td>
<td>left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>::</code> <code>++</code></td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>&lt;</code> <code>&gt;</code> <code>=&lt;</code> <code>&gt;=</code> <code>==</code> <code>!=</code></td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\|\|</code></td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\|&gt;</code></td>
<td>left</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</article>
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