976 lines
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HTML
976 lines
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æternity Sophia Language
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Syntax
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æternity Sophia Language
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GitHub
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href=".." class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
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Syntax
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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Syntax
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</a>
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Table of contents
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#lexical-syntax" class="md-nav__link">
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Lexical syntax
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lexical syntax">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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Comments
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<a href="#keywords" class="md-nav__link">
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Keywords
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<a href="#tokens" class="md-nav__link">
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Tokens
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#layout-blocks" class="md-nav__link">
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Layout blocks
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#notation" class="md-nav__link">
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Notation
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#declarations" class="md-nav__link">
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Declarations
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#types" class="md-nav__link">
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Types
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#statements" class="md-nav__link">
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Statements
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#expressions" class="md-nav__link">
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Expressions
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#operators-types" class="md-nav__link">
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Operators types
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#operator-precendences" class="md-nav__link">
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Operator precendences
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../sophia_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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Features
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../sophia_stdlib/" class="md-nav__link">
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Standard library
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../sophia_examples/" class="md-nav__link">
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Contract examples
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../CHANGELOG/" class="md-nav__link">
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Changelog
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Lexical syntax
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Operators types
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Operator precendences
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
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<h1 id="syntax">Syntax</h1>
|
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<h2 id="lexical-syntax">Lexical syntax</h2>
|
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<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
|
|
<p>Single line comments start with <code>//</code> and block comments are enclosed in <code>/*</code>
|
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and <code>*/</code> and can be nested.</p>
|
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<h3 id="keywords">Keywords</h3>
|
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>contract elif else entrypoint false function if import include let mod namespace
|
|
private payable stateful switch true type record datatype main interface
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<h3 id="tokens">Tokens</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>Id = [a-z_][A-Za-z0-9_']*</code> identifiers start with a lower case letter.</li>
|
|
<li><code>Con = [A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_']*</code> constructors start with an upper case letter.</li>
|
|
<li><code>QId = (Con\.)+Id</code> qualified identifiers (e.g. <code>Map.member</code>)</li>
|
|
<li><code>QCon = (Con\.)+Con</code> qualified constructor</li>
|
|
<li><code>TVar = 'Id</code> type variable (e.g <code>'a</code>, <code>'b</code>)</li>
|
|
<li><code>Int = [0-9]+(_[0-9]+)*|0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+(_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*</code> integer literal with optional <code>_</code> separators</li>
|
|
<li><code>Bytes = #[0-9A-Fa-f]+(_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*</code> byte array literal with optional <code>_</code> separators</li>
|
|
<li><code>String</code> string literal enclosed in <code>"</code> with escape character <code>\</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>Char</code> character literal enclosed in <code>'</code> with escape character <code>\</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>AccountAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte account pubkey with <code>ak_</code> prefix</li>
|
|
<li><code>ContractAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte contract address with <code>ct_</code> prefix</li>
|
|
<li><code>OracleAddress</code> base58-encoded 32 byte oracle address with <code>ok_</code> prefix</li>
|
|
<li><code>OracleQueryId</code> base58-encoded 32 byte oracle query id with <code>oq_</code> prefix</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Valid string escape codes are</p>
|
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<table>
|
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<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Escape</th>
|
|
<th>ASCII</th>
|
|
<th></th>
|
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</tr>
|
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</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\b</code></td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\t</code></td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\n</code></td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\v</code></td>
|
|
<td>11</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\f</code></td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\r</code></td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\e</code></td>
|
|
<td>27</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\xHexDigits</code></td>
|
|
<td><em>HexDigits</em></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<p>See the <a href="https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/node/api/api_encoding.md">identifier encoding scheme</a> for the
|
|
details on the base58 literals.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="layout-blocks">Layout blocks</h2>
|
|
<p>Sophia uses Python-style layout rules to group declarations and statements. A
|
|
layout block with more than one element must start on a separate line and be
|
|
indented more than the currently enclosing layout block. Blocks with a single
|
|
element can be written on the same line as the previous token.</p>
|
|
<p>Each element of the block must share the same indentation and no part of an
|
|
element may be indented less than the indentation of the block. For instance</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Layout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// no layout</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// layout block starts on next line</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// indented more than 2 spaces</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// the '+' is indented more than the 'x'</span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<h2 id="notation">Notation</h2>
|
|
<p>In describing the syntax below, we use the following conventions:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Upper-case identifiers denote non-terminals (like <code>Expr</code>) or terminals with
|
|
some associated value (like <code>Id</code>).</li>
|
|
<li>Keywords and symbols are enclosed in single quotes: <code>'let'</code> or <code>'='</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Choices are separated by vertical bars: <code>|</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Optional elements are enclosed in <code>[</code> square brackets <code>]</code>.</li>
|
|
<li><code>(</code> Parentheses <code>)</code> are used for grouping.</li>
|
|
<li>Zero or more repetitions are denoted by a postfix <code>*</code>, and one or more
|
|
repetitions by a <code>+</code>.</li>
|
|
<li><code>Block(X)</code> denotes a layout block of <code>X</code>s.</li>
|
|
<li><code>Sep(X, S)</code> is short for <code>[X (S X)*]</code>, i.e. a possibly empty sequence of <code>X</code>s
|
|
separated by <code>S</code>s.</li>
|
|
<li><code>Sep1(X, S)</code> is short for <code>X (S X)*</code>, i.e. same as <code>Sep</code>, but must not be empty.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="declarations">Declarations</h2>
|
|
<p>A Sophia file consists of a sequence of <em>declarations</em> in a layout block.</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">File</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TopDecl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">TopDecl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">payable</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">contract</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Con</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">namespace</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Con</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'@</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PragmaOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Version</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">Decl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TVar</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypeAlias</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">record</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TVar</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RecordType</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">datatype</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TVar</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EModifier</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">entrypoint</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FModifier</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunDecl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">FunDecl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Type signature</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Definition</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">PragmaOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">=<</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">>=</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'>'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">Version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">EModifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">payable</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">stateful</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">FModifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">stateful</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">private</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">Args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Contract declarations must appear at the top-level.</p>
|
|
<p>For example,
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
|
<p>There are three forms of type declarations: type aliases (declared with the
|
|
<code>type</code> keyword), record type definitions (<code>record</code>) and data type definitions
|
|
(<code>datatype</code>):</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">TypeAlias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">RecordType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'{'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FieldType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'}'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">DataType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ConDecl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'|'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">FieldType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">ConDecl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Con</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>For example,
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="k">datatype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Rect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">int_shape</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
|
<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Domain</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">=></span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Function type</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Type application</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Parens</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">unit</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Tuples</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">QId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TVar</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">Domain</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Single argument</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Multiple arguments</span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>The function type arrow associates to the right.</p>
|
|
<p>Example,
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">'a</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
|
<h2 id="statements">Statements</h2>
|
|
<p>Function bodies are blocks of <em>statements</em>, where a statement is one of the following</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Case</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">elif</span><span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">else</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">let</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LetDef</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">LetDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Function definition</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Value definition</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">Case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">=></span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">Pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p><code>if</code> statements can be followed by zero or more <code>elif</code> statements and an optional final <code>else</code> statement. For example,</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=></span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"too big"</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">elif</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"too small"</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"just right"</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<h2 id="expressions">Expressions</h2>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LamArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">=></span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Stmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Anonymous function (x) => x + 1</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Operator lambda (+)</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">else</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// If expression if(x < y) y else x</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Type annotation 5 : int</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Binary operator x + y</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UnOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Unary operator ! b</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Application f(x, y)</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Projection state.x</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Map lookup map[key]</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'{'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FieldUpdate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'}'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Record or map update r{ fld[key].x = y }</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// List [1, 2, 3]</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'|'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// List comprehension [k | x <- [1], if (f(x)), let k = x+1]</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// List range [1..n]</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'{'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FieldUpdate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'}'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Record or map value {x = 0, y = 1}, {[key] = val}</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Parens (1 + 2) * 3</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Con</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">QId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">QCon</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Identifiers x, None, Map.member, AELib.Token</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Bytes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Literals 123, 0xff, #00abc123, "foo", '%'</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AccountAddress</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ContractAddress</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Chain identifiers</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OracleAddress</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OracleQueryId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Chain identifiers</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">Generator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o"><-</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Generator</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Guard</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LetDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Definition</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">LamArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'('</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LamArg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">')'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">LamArg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">':'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">FieldUpdate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">Path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Record field</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Map key</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Nested record field</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'['</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">']'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Nested map key</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'>'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">=<</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">>=</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'/'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="n">mod</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'^'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">|></span><span class="err">'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
<span class="n">UnOp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">::=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'!'</span><span class="w"></span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<h2 id="operators-types">Operators types</h2>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Operators</th>
|
|
<th>Type</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-</code> <code>+</code> <code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>mod</code> <code>^</code></td>
|
|
<td>arithmetic operators</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>!</code> <code>&&</code> <code>\|\|</code></td>
|
|
<td>logical operators</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>==</code> <code>!=</code> <code><</code> <code>></code> <code>=<</code> <code>>=</code></td>
|
|
<td>comparison operators</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>::</code> <code>++</code></td>
|
|
<td>list operators</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\|></code></td>
|
|
<td>functional operators</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<h2 id="operator-precendences">Operator precendences</h2>
|
|
<p>In order of highest to lowest precedence.</p>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Operators</th>
|
|
<th>Associativity</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>!</code></td>
|
|
<td>right</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>^</code></td>
|
|
<td>left</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>mod</code></td>
|
|
<td>left</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-</code> (unary)</td>
|
|
<td>right</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>+</code> <code>-</code></td>
|
|
<td>left</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>::</code> <code>++</code></td>
|
|
<td>right</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code><</code> <code>></code> <code>=<</code> <code>>=</code> <code>==</code> <code>!=</code></td>
|
|
<td>none</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>&&</code></td>
|
|
<td>right</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\|\|</code></td>
|
|
<td>right</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>\|></code></td>
|
|
<td>left</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
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</table>
|
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