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<h1 id="features">Features</h1>
<h1 id="features">Features</h1>
<h2 id="contracts">Contracts</h2>
<p>The main unit of code in Sophia is the <em>contract</em>.</p>
<ul>
@@ -1075,22 +1094,22 @@ and the <a href="../sophia_stdlib/#call">Call</a> namespaces in the documentatio
the contract. The type of the address must be a contract type, which consists
of a number of type definitions and entrypoint declarations. For instance,</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">// A contract type</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Now given contract address of type <code>VotingType</code> you can call the <code>vote</code>
entrypoint of that contract:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VoteTwice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">voteTwice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VoteTwice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">voteTwice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Contract calls take two optional named arguments <code>gas : int</code> and <code>value : int</code>
that lets you set a gas limit and provide tokens to a contract call. If omitted
the defaults are no gas limit and no tokens. Suppose there is a fee for voting:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">voteTwice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">voteTwice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Named arguments can be given in any order.</p>
<p>Note that reentrant calls are not permitted. In other words, when calling
@@ -1104,8 +1123,8 @@ fails.</p>
<p>To recover the underlying <code>address</code> of a contract instance there is a field
<code>address : address</code>. For instance, to send tokens to the voting contract (given that it is payable)
without calling it you can write</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="protected-contract-calls">Protected contract calls</h3>
<p>If a contract call fails for any reason (for instance, the remote contract
@@ -1116,14 +1135,14 @@ contract calls takes a named argument <code>protected : bool</code> (default <co
changes the type of the contract call, wrapping the result in an <code>option</code> type.
If the call fails the result is <code>None</code>, otherwise it's <code>Some(r)</code> where <code>r</code> is
the return value of the call.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Voter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tryVote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Voting failed&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Voting successful&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Voter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tryVote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">VotingType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vote</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Voting failed&quot;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Voting successful&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Any gas that was consumed by the contract call before the failure stays
consumed, which means that in order to protect against the remote contract
@@ -1145,15 +1164,15 @@ arguments please refer to their documentation for the details.</p>
<p>While <code>Chain.clone</code> requires only a <code>contract interface</code> and a living instance
of a given contract on the chain, <code>Chain.create</code> needs a full definition of a
to-create contract defined by the standard <code>contract</code> syntax, for example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span>
<span class="k">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolderFactory</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ih</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ih</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolderFactory</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ih</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IntHolder</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ih</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>In case of a presence of child contracts (<code>IntHolder</code> in this case), the main
contract must be pointed out with the <code>main</code> keyword as shown in the example.</p>
@@ -1229,21 +1248,21 @@ contract interface X : Z =
<p>A type is said to be on a "covariant" position when it describes output or a result of some computation. Analogously, position is "contravariant" when it is an input, or a parameter. Intuitively, when a part of the type is produced by values of it, it is covariant. When it is consumed, it is contravariant. When a type appears to be simultaneously input and output, it is described as invariant. If a type is neither of those (that is, it's unused) it's bivariant. Furthermore, whenever a complex type appears on a contravariant position, all its covariant components become contravariant and vice versa.</p>
<p>Variance influences how subtyping is applied. Types on covariant positions are subtyped normally, while contravariant the opposite way. Invariant types have to be exactly the same in order for subtyping to work. Bivariant types are always compatible.</p>
<p>A good example of where it matters can be pictured by subtyping of function types. Let us assume there is a contract interface <code>Animal</code> and two contracts that implement it: <code>Dog</code> and <code>Cat</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Dog</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Dog</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">woof</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;woof&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">woof</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;woof&quot;</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Cat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Cat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">meow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;meow&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">meow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;meow&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>The assumption of this exercise is that cats do not bark (because <code>Cat</code> does not define the <code>woof</code> entrypoint). If subtyping rules were applied naively, that is if we let <code>Dog =&gt; Dog</code> be a subtype of <code>Animal =&gt; Animal</code>, the following code would break:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Dog</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">woof</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Cat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Dog</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">woof</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Animal</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span>
<span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Cat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Cat barking!</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>That is because arguments of functions are contravariant, as opposed to return the type which is covariant. Because of that, the assignment of <code>f</code> to <code>g</code> is invalid - while <code>Dog</code> is a subtype of <code>Animal</code>, <code>Dog =&gt; string</code> is <strong>not</strong> a subtype of <code>Animal =&gt; string</code>. However, <code>Animal =&gt; string</code> <strong>is</strong> a subtype of <code>Dog =&gt; string</code>. More than that, <code>(Dog =&gt; Animal) =&gt; Dog</code> is a subtype of <code>(Animal =&gt; Dog) =&gt; Animal</code>.</p>
@@ -1331,8 +1350,8 @@ provides special syntax for map/record updates.</p>
<p>Top-level functions and entrypoints must be annotated with the
<code>stateful</code> keyword to be allowed to affect the state of the running contract.
For instance,</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">state</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Without the <code>stateful</code> annotation the compiler does not allow the call to
<code>put</code>. A <code>stateful</code> annotation is required to</p>
@@ -1364,8 +1383,8 @@ For instance,</p>
a contract (either a <code>Chain.spend</code> or a normal spend transaction) will fail. If a
contract shall be able to receive funds in this way it has to be declared <code>payable</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">// A payable contract</span>
<span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExampleContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">do_stuff</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExampleContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">do_stuff</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>If in doubt, it is possible to check if an address is payable using
<code>Address.is_payable(addr)</code>.</p>
@@ -1374,11 +1393,11 @@ contract shall be able to receive funds in this way it has to be declared <code>
(either a <a href="#calling-other-contracts">Remote call</a> or a contract call transaction)
that has a non-zero <code>value</code> will fail. Contract entrypoints that should be called
with a non-zero value should be declared <code>payable</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Call</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">transfer_item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Value too low&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Call</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">transfer_item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Value too low&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="namespaces">Namespaces</h2>
<p>Code can be split into libraries using the <code>namespace</code> construct. Namespaces
@@ -1386,13 +1405,13 @@ can appear at the top-level and can contain type and function definitions, but
not entrypoints. Outside the namespace you can refer to the (non-private) names
by qualifying them with the namespace (<code>Namespace.name</code>).
For example,</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Library</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Library</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MyContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">plus2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MyContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">plus2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Functions in namespaces have access to the same environment (including the
<code>Chain</code>, <code>Call</code>, and <code>Contract</code>, builtin namespaces) as function in a contract,
@@ -1452,13 +1471,13 @@ contract level, namespace level, or in the function level.</p>
statement. These must appear at the top-level (outside the main contract). The
included file can contain one or more namespaces and abstract contracts. For
example, if the file <code>library.aes</code> contains</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Library</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Library</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>you can use it from another file using an <code>include</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;library.aes&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MyContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">plus2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;library.aes&quot;</span>
<span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MyContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">plus2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Library</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>This behaves as if the contents of <code>library.aes</code> was textually inserted into
the file, except that error messages will refer to the original source
@@ -1471,13 +1490,13 @@ namespaces like <code>Chain</code>, <code>Contract</code>, <code>Map</code>
are included by default and are supported internally by the compiler.
Others like <code>List</code>, <code>Frac</code>, <code>Option</code> need to be manually included using the
<code>include</code> directive. For example
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;List.aes&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Pair.aes&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="ow">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">already</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">there</span><span class="ow">!</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;List.aes&quot;</span>
<span class="k">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Pair.aes&quot;</span>
<span class="ow">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">already</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">there</span><span class="ow">!</span>
<span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">C</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">List</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Pair</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fst</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">to_list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">C</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">List</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Pair</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fst</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">to_list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)))</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
<p>Sophia has the following types:</p>
@@ -1707,8 +1726,8 @@ corresponding integer, so setting very high bits can be expensive).</p>
<h2 id="type-aliases">Type aliases</h2>
<p>Type aliases can be introduced with the <code>type</code> keyword and can be
parameterized. For instance</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string_map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string_map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>A type alias and its definition can be used interchangeably. Sophia does not support
higher-kinded types, meaning that following type alias is invalid: <code>type wrap('f, 'a) = 'f('a)</code></p>
@@ -1716,47 +1735,47 @@ higher-kinded types, meaning that following type alias is invalid: <code>type wr
<p>Sophia supports algebraic data types (variant types) and pattern matching. Data
types are declared by giving a list of constructors with
their respective arguments. For instance,</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">datatype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">datatype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Elements of data types can be pattern matched against, using the <code>switch</code> construct:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>or directly in the left-hand side:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p><em>NOTE: Data types cannot currently be recursive.</em></p>
<p>Sophia also supports the assignment of patterns to variables:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h1</span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h2</span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// same as `h1::h2::k =&gt; (h1 + h2)::h2::k`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// o is equal to Pair.snd(p)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p>Guards are boolean expressions that can be used on patterns in both switch
statements and functions definitions. If a guard expression evaluates to
<code>true</code>, then the corresponding body will be used. Otherwise, the next pattern
will be checked:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">one_or_both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Both</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_left_if_positive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Guards cannot be stateful even when used inside a stateful function.</p>
<h2 id="lists">Lists</h2>
@@ -1765,9 +1784,9 @@ linked list. A list is constructed with the syntax <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>. The
elements of a list can be any of datatype but they must have the same
type. The type of lists with elements of type <code>'e</code> is written
<code>list('e)</code>. For example we can have the following lists:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;aaa&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;jjj&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;the beast&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">[{[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;aaa&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;jjj&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;eee&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;the beast&quot;</span><span class="p">}]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;aaa&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;jjj&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;the beast&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[{[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;aaa&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;jjj&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;eee&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">666</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;the beast&quot;</span><span class="p">}]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>New elements can be prepended to the front of a list with the <code>::</code>
operator. So <code>42 :: [1, 2, 3]</code> returns the list <code>[42, 1, 2, 3]</code>. The
@@ -1776,20 +1795,20 @@ and returns the resulting list. So concatenating two lists
<code>[1, 22, 33] ++ [10, 18, 55]</code> returns the list <code>[1, 22, 33, 10, 18, 55]</code>.</p>
<p>Sophia supports list comprehensions known from languages like Python, Haskell or Erlang.
Example syntax:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="ow">*</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]]</span>
<span class="c1">// yields [12,13,14,20,21,22,30,31,32]</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p>Lists can be constructed using the range syntax using special <code>..</code> operator:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
The ranges are always ascending and have step equal to 1.</p>
<p>Please refer to the <a href="../sophia_stdlib/#list">standard library</a> for the predefined functionalities.</p>
<h2 id="maps-and-records">Maps and records</h2>
<p>A Sophia record type is given by a fixed set of fields with associated,
possibly different, types. For instance
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">balance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transaction</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">balance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transaction</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p>Maps, on the other hand, can contain an arbitrary number of key-value bindings,
but of a fixed type. The type of maps with keys of type <code>'k</code> and values of type
@@ -1799,18 +1818,18 @@ contain a map or a function type.</p>
<h3 id="constructing-maps-and-records">Constructing maps and records</h3>
<p>A value of record type is constructed by giving a value for each of the fields.
For the example above,
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_account</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">balance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]}</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_account</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">balance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]}</span>
</code></pre></div>
Maps are constructed similarly, with keys enclosed in square brackets
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">example_map</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="s2">&quot;key1&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;key2&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">example_map</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="s2">&quot;key1&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;key2&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
The empty map is written <code>{}</code>.</p>
<h3 id="accessing-values">Accessing values</h3>
<p>Record fields access is written <code>r.f</code> and map lookup <code>m[k]</code>. For instance,
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_balance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">balance</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_balance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">balance</span>
</code></pre></div>
Looking up a non-existing key in a map results in contract execution failing. A
default value to return for non-existing keys can be provided using the syntax
@@ -1829,13 +1848,13 @@ in the map or execution fails, but a default value can be provided:
<code>m{ [k = default] @ x = v }</code>. In this case <code>x</code> is bound to <code>default</code> if
<code>k</code> is not in the map.</p>
<p>Updates can be nested:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">clear_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">clear_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
This is equivalent to <code>accounts{ [a] @ acc = acc{ history = [] } }</code> and thus
requires <code>a</code> to be present in the accounts map. To have <code>clear_history</code> create
an account if <code>a</code> is not in the map you can write (given a function <code>empty_account</code>):
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">empty_account</span><span class="p">()].</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accounts</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">empty_account</span><span class="p">()].</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="map-implementation">Map implementation</h3>
<p>Internally in the VM maps are implemented as hash maps and support fast lookup
@@ -1875,53 +1894,53 @@ through the Oracle interface.</p>
For a functionality documentation refer to the <a href="../sophia_stdlib/#oracle">standard library</a>.</p>
<h3 id="example">Example</h3>
<p>Example for an oracle answering questions of type <code>string</code> with answers of type <code>int</code>:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Oracles</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Oracles</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">registerOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">registerOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Signed network id + oracle address + contract address</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acct</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acct</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">queryFee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query_fee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">queryFee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query_fee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">createQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Call</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;insufficient value for qfee&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qttl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">RelativeTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rttl</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">payable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">createQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Call</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;insufficient value for qfee&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qfee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">qttl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">RelativeTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rttl</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extendOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extendOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">signExtendOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">signExtendOracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Signed network id + oracle address + contract address</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ttl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">respond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">respond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Signed network id + oracle query id + contract address</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">respond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">respond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">getQuestion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_question</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">getQuestion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_question</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hasAnswer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_answer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hasAnswer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_answer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">getAnswer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_answer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">getAnswer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">oracle_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Oracle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get_answer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="sanity-checks">Sanity checks</h3>
<p>When an Oracle literal is passed to a contract, no deep checks are performed.
@@ -1938,29 +1957,29 @@ an account with address <code>addr</code>. In order to allow a contract <code>ct
<a href="#delegation-signature">signature</a> <code>sig</code> of <code>addr | name.hash | ct.address</code>.</p>
<p>Armed with this information we can for example write a function that extends
the name if it expires within 1000 blocks:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extend_if_necessary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FixedTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expiry</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">block_height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">expiry</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">RelativeTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extend_if_necessary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FixedTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expiry</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">block_height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">expiry</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">RelativeTTL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p>And we can write functions that adds and removes keys from the pointers of the
name:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pointee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">}),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pointee</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">{[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">}),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delete_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stateful</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delete_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=&gt;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AENS</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptrs</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">signature</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<p><em>Note:</em> From the Iris hardfork more strict rules apply for AENS pointers, when
a Sophia contract lookup or update (bad) legacy pointers, the bad keys are
@@ -1972,11 +1991,11 @@ Solidity</a>.
Events are further discussed in the <a href="https://github.com/aeternity/protocol/blob/master/contracts/events.md">protocol</a>.</p>
<p>To use events a contract must declare a datatype <code>event</code>, and events are then
logged using the <code>Chain.event</code> function:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">datatype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">event</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Event1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Event2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">datatype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">event</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Event1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Event2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unit</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>The event can have 0-3 <em>indexed</em> fields, and an optional <em>payload</em> field. A
field is indexed if it fits in a 32-byte word, i.e.
@@ -1993,18 +2012,18 @@ The fields can appear in any order.</p>
<p><em>NOTE:</em> Indexing is not part of the core æternity node.</p>
<p>Events are emitted by using the <code>Chain.event</code> function. The following function
will emit one Event of each kind in the example.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">emit_events</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Event1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Event2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;This is not indexed&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">entrypoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">emit_events</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Event1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">Event2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;This is not indexed&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="argument-order">Argument order</h3>
<p>It is only possible to have one (1) <code>string</code> parameter in the event, but it can
be placed in any position (and its value will end up in the <code>data</code> field), i.e.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">AnotherEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">indexed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">AnotherEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">indexed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">...</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">...</span>
<span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">AnotherEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;This is not indexed&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nc">Chain</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">AnotherEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;This is not indexed&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
would yield exactly the same result in the example above!</p>
<h2 id="compiler-pragmas">Compiler pragmas</h2>
@@ -2012,8 +2031,8 @@ would yield exactly the same result in the example above!</p>
Sophia compiler, you can give one or more <code>@compiler</code> pragmas at the
top-level (typically at the beginning) of a file. For instance, to enforce that
a contract is compiled with version 4.3 of the compiler you write</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="ow">@</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="ow">@</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="ow">@</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="ow">@</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">4</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Valid operators in compiler pragmas are <code>&lt;</code>, <code>=&lt;</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>&gt;=</code>, and <code>&gt;</code>. Version
numbers are given as a sequence of non-negative integers separated by dots.
@@ -2021,18 +2040,18 @@ Trailing zeros are ignored, so <code>4.0.0 == 4</code>. If a constraint is viola
error is reported and compilation fails.</p>
<h2 id="exceptions">Exceptions</h2>
<p>Contracts can fail with an (uncatchable) exception using the built-in function</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Calling abort causes the top-level call transaction to return an error result
containing the <code>reason</code> string. Only the gas used up to and including the abort
call is charged. This is different from termination due to a crash which
consumes all available gas.</p>
<p>For convenience the following function is also built-in:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">err</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">!</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">err</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">!</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">abort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Aside from that, there is an almost equivalent function <code>exit</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&#39;a</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Just like <code>abort</code>, it breaks the execution with the given reason. The difference
however is in the gas consumption — while <code>abort</code> returns unused gas, a call to
@@ -2043,69 +2062,35 @@ optional delegation signature. This is typically used when a user/accounts
would like to allow a contract to act on it's behalf. The exact data to be
signed varies for the different operations, but in all cases you should prepend
the signature data with the <code>network_id</code> (<code>ae_mainnet</code> for the æternity mainnet, etc.).</p>
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